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GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 



By Ai.bkrt Pkrry Brigham and Charlks T. McFariane 



Early History. —\\ hen tlie white man first 
visited the region which is now the state 
of New York, he found it covered nearly 
everywhere with forest. In the forest dwelt 
Indians, among whom the Iroquois were the 
most important. They consisted of the Mo- 
hawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca 
tribes. Their home was along the plains 
south of Lake Ontario and extending east- 
ward past Oneida Lake into the Mohawk \ al- 
ley ; but their hunters and warriors roamed 
over a wide area. At their villages they had 
small clearings where they raised corn, pump- 
kins, apples, and other products. Nearly 
5000 Indians are now livmg on small reserva- 
tions in New York state. 

Henry Hudson's explorations for the Dutch 
in 1609 led to permanent settlements by the 
Dutch people, extending from New Amster- 
dam (later the city of New York) up the 
Hudson River to Albany, which they called 

E-P 12 Copyright. 1916, 1921. by American Book Company 



Fort Orange, and up the lower Mohawk 
River. In 1664, a British fleet took posses- 
sion of the colony ; and thenceforth, except 
for a short time in 1673-1674, New York 
remained under English rule, until the thir- 
teen Colonies declared their independence in 
1776. 

In the year of Hudson's voyage, a great 
French explorer, Champlain, coming from 
the St. Lawrence Valley, sailed up the lake 
which bears his name. He and other French 
explorers also visited the regions along the 
St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. They 
built a fort at the mouth of the Niagara 
River, and sought to control northern and 
western New "^'ork. Thus the F^nglish came 
into conflict with the French along the lakes 
and the St. Lawrence. In the wars that 
followed the English were finally victorious, 
so that France ceded its American possessions 
to Great Britain. 




Some Germans, persecuted in their native 
land, settled in the Mohawk Valley, and as 
the names Catskill and Yonkers were brought 
by the Dutch, so Herkimer and Frankfort 
came from the German settlers. 

English settlers also poured into the state, 
both from England and from New England. 
Many of the geographic names in New York 
are of English origin, — such as Binghamton, 
Plattsburg, and Rochester 



The state also preserves many Indian 
names, of which Seneca, Oneida, Mohawk, 
Chenango, Chemung, Genesee, and Niagara 
are examples. Other names have been given 
to towns and counties in honor of American 
statesmen and men in high official station, 
— such as Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, 
Madison, Clinton, Hamilton, and Schuyler. 
Thus the history of New York is in part 
recorded in its geographic names. 

g)CI.A608581 



-5 1921 



.J-Aa^' 




Map Study, i. in what jiait 
state of New ^ ork is tlicrc a Dio; 
jilaiii ? 2. W hat two river valleys form 
a natural lii<ilnvay from this plain to the 
Atlantic Ocean r ;,. What fz;reat city is 
at the Atlantic end of this highway r 
4. What cit\' is at the eastern end of 
]>ake line ? 

5. What iiij;hland re<;ion is north of 
the ?.Iohawk Ri\er and west of Lake 
Champlain ? 6. In what part of the 
state is there another iar<;e highland ? 
7. What great river valleys reach into 
the highland of southern New York 
from Pennsylvania ? 8. W hat river 
crosses the state and flows into Lake 
Ontario ? 9. Through how many of 
these valleys have railroads been con- 
structed r 

10. What city is near the mouth of the 
Genesee River ? At the mouth of the 
Oswego Ri\cr r 11. Name two cities 
near the junction of the Hudson and 
Mohawk rivers. 12. In what river val- 
ey is Bmghamton "'. 
burg? Watertown .' 13. Name four 
cities in the valley of the Mohaw^k River. 

14. Using the scale of miles, measure 
the greatest length of Long Island. 
15. Measure the distance between Syra- 
cuse and Rochester. In a railroad time 
table find tiie distance on the railroad 
between these two cities. Why the 
difference : 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 



Position. — New York is in the northeast- 
ern part of the United States. What states 
border it on the east .^ On the south.'' 
Canada is on the north and west ; what rivers 
and lakes are on the boundary ? 

The state extends from the Atlantic 
Ocean at the southeast to the Great Lakes 
at the northwest. This position between 
great waterways has promoted the growth of 

population and com- 

merce, from early colonial 
days to the present time. 
New York is between 40° 
30' and 45° north lati- 
tude. The city of New 
York is in nearly the 
same latitude as Madrid, 
Naples, Constantinople, 
and Peking. In what 
longitude is it .'' 

Size. — The total area 
of New York (not count- 
ing any part of the Great 
Lakes) is 49,204 square 
miles, of which 1550 miles 
are water surface. The 
state is nearly si.x times as large as Massa- 
chusetts, but less than one fifth the size of 
Texas. It is slightly larger than Pennsyl- 
vania. From north to south the state ex- 
tends 312 miles, covering about 4^ degrees of 
latitude. A railroad journey from the city 
of New York to Rouses Point takes about 
95^ hours. From east to west, exclusive of 
Long Island, the distance is slightly greater, 
— 326 miles. 

Review. — I. Name the several Iroquois tribes. 
2. Describe the coming of the Dutch and the 
English. 3. What was the early name of Albany .' 

4. What parts of New York did the French hold ? 

5. What classes of geographic names are found in 
New York ? 

6. What are the boundaries of New York ? 
7. What large foreign cities are in about the same 
latitude as the city of New York .'' 8. What is 
the area of the state ? 9. How does its area com- 
pare with that of Massachusetts ? Of Texas ? 







• ^.^.'^■'^-'^ 


1 


\i^ 


y 



Comparative areas of Texas, New York, 
and Massachusetts 



PHYSICAL FEATURES 

Most of Long Island and Staten Island are 
low, flat, and sandy, like the Atlantic coastal 
plain farther to the south ; but some parts 
are hilly with glacial moraines. Eastern New 
York belongs to the Appalachian Mountains, 
although the mountains there have been worn 
down in places almost to sea level. Man- 
hattan Island and the 
Hudson region below the 
Highlands belong to a 
hilly lowland, often called 
the Piedmont region. 
Southern New York from 
the Catskills westward is 
part of the Appalachian 
Plateau. Finally, the 
Lake Plains in New York 
are extensive, especially 
about Lake Ontario. The 
state has therefore a great 
variety of surface and 
soil. This causes great 
differences in climate, and 
in the crops that can be 
grown, in the different parts of the state. 

Atlantic Coast Region. — Long Island, the 
largest island on either coast of the United 
States, is a part of New York. As its name 
suggests, its length, 118 miles, is much greater 
than its extreme width, about 23 miles. The 
highest point is but little more than 400 feet in 
altitude. Most of the island is covered with 
clay, gravel, and sand deposited by glacial 
ice and by streams flowing from the ice. 
Through the middle of the island, from west 
to east, extends a belt of hills, a terminal 
moraine of the ice sheet. On the north 
border is another belt of such hills. Among 
the hills are many ponds and lakes, such as 
are commonly found in moraine belts. The 
south parts of the island are nearly flat, slop- 
ing gently toward the shore. 

At the eastern end of the island the waters 
of Gardiners Bav and Peconic Bay reach 



GKOCiRAPll^' UF NEW ^URK 




il ;^ 




^ / ft »■ . \ i « ^ f I » 



I I nit nil 



W^AtLZ^'lUkuh 




Beach at Coney Island 



into the land about 30 miles. Along the 
northwest shore deep bays penetrate the hilly 
region to a distance of several miles. On the 
south shore there are long stretches of quiet 
water, inclosed between the main island and 
long bordering barrier beaches. Of these Ja- 
maica and Great South bays are the largest. 
The longest of the beaches is Fire Island 
Beach, on which Fire Island light has been 
erected. Others, famous as summer resorts, 
are Coney Island and Rockaway Beach, 
visited daily during warm weather by many 
thousands from the great cities. 

On the western end of Long Island are 
Brooklyn and Queens, two of the boroughs 
of Greater New York. Many people who 
carry on business in the great city live in the 
smaller villages and cities of Long Island, 
and along the north and the south shores 
there are many beautiful summer homes. 

Much of the land is cultivated as truck 
farms or market gardens, and Long Island 
thus furnishes a large supply of vegetables 
and fruits for the metropolis. 



Staten Island is much like Long Island in 
character, and constitutes the borough of 
Richmond. It is separated from Long Island 
by a strait called the Narrows. 

At the time Manhattan Island was first 
settled by white men, its surface was rather 
irregular. It consisted largely of hard rocks, 
most of which were but thinly covered with 
soil. .'\s the great city has spread over the 
island the smaller irregularities have disap- 
peared. Minor elevations have been blasted 
away and minor depressions have been filled. 
Some larger hills, however, still remain in 
the northern part of the island, as at Morning- 
side Heights. 

Most of the waters which surround .Man- 
hattan are deep enough to permit large ships 
to approach the numerous wharves along the 
water fronts. On the New Jersey side of the 
Hud.son River are other great wharves, some 
of them lying under the Palisades, a lofty 
ridge of lava rock running many miles up 
the ri\er. The steep cliff adjoining the river 
is exceedingly picturesque. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




Looking down the Hudson, in the Highlands 



Mountain and Valley Region of Eastern 
New York. — Along the eastern border of the 
state, from Long Island Sound to the head 



North of the Highlands, the Hudson oc- 
cupies part of a broad valley that reaches 
from Glens Falls along the Hudson to Kings- 
ton and Newburgh and along the Wallkill 
River to the southwest, into northwestern 
New Jersey. If is a northern continuation 
of the Great Appalachian Valley which ex- 
tends from Alabama to Pennsylvania. 

This valley is bordered on the northwesi 
by a mountain range which enters the statf 
on the south at Port Jervis. It is a north- 
eastward continuation of the Appalachian 
ridges of central Pennsylvania. In southern 
New York the range is called the Shawan- 
gunk (pronounced shon'gum) Mountains. 

Adirondack Mountains. — The Adirondack 
Mountains, like the Highlands of the Hudson. 



of Lake Champlain, is a belt of hills and low are very old. They occupy the greater part 

mountains, which may be called the foothills of northern New York, in a circular area 

of the Berkshires and of the Green Mountains about lOO miles in diameter. The highest 

of New England. They lie mostly east of the mountain in this region, and m the state, is 

Hudson, and are the result of the folding of .Mount Marcy ; its altitude is 5344 feet. The 

ancient rock beds, followed by the wearing ridges and valleys of the Adirondacks have 

away of the rocks by weathering, glaciers, a northeast and southwest direction. The 

and streams. main valleys lie below 2000 feet, and where 

Between Beacon and Peekskill, the Hudson they were obstructed by deposits of glacial 

flows through a gorge cut across an older waste they contain many beautiful lakes and 

mountain belt which crosses the state in a ponds. Among such bodies of water are the 

northeast and southwest direction. This is Saranac Lakes, Lake Placid, Long Lake, the 

the Hudson Highlands, which have an alti- Tupper Lakes, Schroon Lake, the Ausable 

tude of 1500 to 1800 feet. Lakes, and the Fulton chain of lakes. 




(JEU(JRAl'in Ol- NhW YORK 




Owing to the altitude, the climate of the 
•\dirondacks is severe ; the winters are long 
and the snowfall is heavy. Even the summer 
days are of modtran- heat, and the summer 
nights are cool. 

The rocks of the Adirundacks are hard, 
the soils are thin, and the mountains and 
valleys alike are covered with forest, chiefly 
of evergreen trees, such as pine, spruce, and 
hemlock. Little agriculture can be carried 
on, and the chief use of the region is for recrea- 
tion and health. There are thousands of 
hotels, summer homes, and camps, and the 
excellent boating, fishing, and hunting attract 
many visitors in season. 

There is much lumbering in the Adiron- 
dacks, and there are many sawmills and paper 
mills in and near this region. In order to 
preserve the forests from destruction, the 
state has bought large tracts of Adirondack 
lands and holds them as a forest reservation. 
The object is not only to preserve the lumber, 
but to prevent floods along the Mohawk, 
Hudson, and other streams. So long as the 
forests stand, the mosses, leaves, and forest 
soil absorb the falling rain, and keep it 
from pouring at once down the streams to 
overwhelm fields and homes in the lower 
valleys. 

Plateau Region. West of the Hudson 
River and north of the Wallkill is the upland 
known as the Catskill Mountains. It faces 
the broad Hudson \ alley by a steep slope or 



escarpniLiu, which in its middle and southern 
parts ranges from 2500 to 4000 feet in altitude. 
It is a region of many lofty hills and deep 
valleys and is a part of the highland which 
extends from eastern New York to Alabama 
and IS called the Appalachian Plateau. 

North of the Catskills and west of Alban\ . 
the plateau rises from the Hudson lowland 
by the Helderberg Escarpment, a bold clitt 
often called the Helderberg Mountains. The 
plateau is bordered on the north by hills slop- 
ing down to the Mohawk and to the plains 
farther west. In central and western New 
York the highland averages from 1800 to 
2000 feet in altitude, with broad, open val- 
leys several hundred feet deep. 

In the plateau region west of the Catskills, 
the valleys usually extend in a north and 
.south direction, and have influenced in a 
marked way the laying out of roads and 
railroads. In this region there are manv such 
well-known lakes as Otsego Lake, and the Lin- 
ger Lakes, which include .Skaneateles, Owasco, 
Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka, and Canandaigua. 
Winds from these bodies of water help to 
moderate the climate of the bordering lands; 
they are cool on warm spring days, and warm 
on cold autumn days. This effect on the 
weather favors the raising of grapes and other 
fruits. The pleasures of boating and fishing 
and the cool breezes from the lakes attract 
many summer residents to the villages and 
camps along their shores. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 



Lake Plains. — At the eastern 
end of Lake Ontario, along its 
southern border, and about the 
east end of Lake Erie is a region 
of lowlands known as Lake Plains. 
From Lake Ontario they extend 
eastward to include the Oneida 
Lake region, and continue with a 
breadth of several miles as far east 
as the city of Rome. Syracuse is 
on the south edge of the plains. 
The lowlands reach north in the 
western parts of Oswego and Jeffer- 
son counties, and continue along 
the St. Lawrence River in northern 
New York. 

At one time the waters of the 
Ontario basin covered these lowlands from the 
Niagara region to the neighborhood of Water- 
town. The St. Lawrence Valley was blocked 





The " Ridge Road," Orleans Count\ 



by glacial ice and the outlet of the lake was 
at Rome, down the Mohawk Valley. This 
ancient lake is known as the glacial Lake 
Iroquois. 

Beginning at the Niagara River, at Lewis- 
ton, New York, a broad, low, gravel ridge runs 
along the plains to a point east of Rochester. 
.\s this ridge was above the swampy surface 
of the adjoining forests, it was used by early 
settlers as a roadway, and this highway, thickly 
dotted with farmhouses, is still known as the 
Ridge Road, in Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, 



and Wayne counties. This ridge was a barriei 
beach built in the shallow waters along the 
south shore of Lake Iroquois. The belt of low- 
land to the north of it is still covered in many 
places by the fine silt brought in by streams 
and deposited on the bottom of the lake. 

A higher plain stretches northward and 
eastward from Buffalo, and is called the Erie 
lake plain. Before the time of Lake Iro- 
quois, it also was covered by lake waters. 
The Erie plain descends to the Ontario plain 
by a steep slope known as the Niagara 
Escarpment. This is the northern edge of 
hard limestone rocks over which the Niagara 
River tumbles to make the great falls. 

Glacial Invasion. — In times long ago, called 
the Glacial Period, all of the mainland of New 
York, except small areas in Allegany and 
Cattaraugus counties, was covered with a 
slowly-moving sheet of ice. The ice flowed 
across the Adirondacks, the Catskills, and 
the plateau region farther west, and covered 
most of northern Pennsylvania. 

This immense glacier pushed along in front 
of it and under it a vast amount of soil and 
broken rock. More material of the same sort 
was carried along with the ice and accumu- 
lated at the melting margins of the ice sheet. 
Hills of sandy soil, gravel, and stones, formed 



GEUURAIMI^ Ol NKW ^()RK 




III this way, are called moraines. Such hills 
are found near Rochester, Ithaca, and Cort- 
land, and at Oriskany Palls and in many 
other parts of the state. 

Stones frozen m the ice were rubbed 
over the bed rocks and gradually worn 
away, forming; a Hne clay in which 
some worn stones were also mixed. 
Some of this material, called bowlder 
clay or till, was packed into valleys 
over which the ice passed, thus block- 
ing the channels through which pre- 
glacial streams had flowed. 

Some of the bowlder clay gathered 
in hills called drumlins, shaped by the 
ice pushing over them. In the region 
between Syracuse and lulton on the 
east and Rochester on the west, and 
from Auburn and Geneva to Lake Ontario, 
there are hundreds of drumlins running north 
and south and rising from 50 to 1 50 feet 
above the surrounding plain. 

When the ice finally melted from the sur- 
face of the state, it left a sheet of stony clay, 
or till, on most slopes and tops of hills and 
mountains. But much of the finer muds and 
sands had been .sorted and spread out on 
lower lands by the streams that flowed from 
the melting ice. 

Many of the cobblestones and bowlders re- 
mained where they were dropped as the ice 
melted. Almost everywhere the fields of 
New York show bowlders and cobblestones 
which are unlike the bed rocks that lie be- 
neath the soil. Bowlders in western New 



^()rk may ha\e come troiii Canada (ji 1 10111 
jiarts of the state north of the locality where 
they are found. Bowlders on the plateau 
in central New ^'ork may have come from St. 
Lawrence County, or from the .Adirondacks 
or from the Mohawk \'alley. 

Gorges and Waterfalls. — No other state 
in the east has .so many splendid waterfalls 
and gorges as New York. At the close of the 
Glacial Period, the Niagara River plunged 
over the Niagara Escarpment at Lewiston. 
Since that time the gorge, now seven miles 
long, has been cut, the falls retreating slowly 
to their present position. So wonderful are 




the falls and the gorge that the adjoining 
ground has been made a state reservation, 
under the control of the Niagara Commis- 
sion. 

The other great gorges and falls of the state 
are also more or less due to the glacial inva- 
sion. Deposits of glacial waste clogged old 
valleys and caused the streams to take new 
courses over rock ledges, and the deep, narro\\ 
channels then made are not yet old enough 
to have been broadened by the stream and 
bv the wasting of the valley sides. Fine 
examples of such gorges are found along the 
Genesee from Portage to Mount Morris, 
and along the same stream at Rochester. 
Letchworth Park, belonging to the state, is 
at the upper and middle Portage Falls. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




There are many gorges and waterfalls in the 
Finger Lake region. Of the gorges Watkins 
Glen — another state park, at Watkins — is 
the best known, and is of great beauty. The 
gorge is in places 300 feet deep, and the small 
stream that flows through it forms a constant 
succession of fine cascades and rapids. Near 
Cayuga Lake is Taghanic Falls, whose height 
is the greatest in the state, over 200 feet. 

On West Canada Creek is the Trenton 
gorge, in which are several beautiful falls. 
The Cohoes Falls are on the lower Mohawk. 
The Ausable Chasm is a narrow gorge near 
Lake Champlain. 

Review. — i. What physical regions of the 
eastern United States are represented in New 
York t 2. Describe the surface of Long Island. 

3. Name some of the beaches on the south shore. 

4. Describe the surface of Manhattan Island. 

5. Locate and describe the gorge of the Hudson. 
6. Describe a valley which joins the Hudson 
Valley at Kingston. 7. Where are the Shawan- 
gunk Mountains ? 8. Name the highest moun- 
tain m New York, and give its altitude. 9. What 
are the chief occupations in the Adirondack region .' 
10. Why should the Adirondack forests be pre- 
served ? 

II. Of what great region are the Catskili 
Mountains a part.? 12. What is the Helderberg 
Escarpment.' 13. Describe the plateau in central 
and western New York. 14. What purposes are 
served by the lakes of the plateau f 

15. Describe the glacial Lake Iroquois. 16. Ex- 
plain the origin of the " Ridge Road." 17. What 
is the Niagara Escarpment? 18. What is till.? 
19. What part of New York has many drum- 
lins .? How were they shaped ? 20. What gorges 
and waterfalls are owned bv the state ? 



Lakes. — New York has an 
exceptional number of large 
lakes, and most of them are 
due to the glacial invasion 
Besides Lake Ontario and 
Lake Erie, there are such large 
bodies of water as Chautau- 
qua, Seneca, Cayuga, and 
Oneida lakes. Lake Champlain. 
and Lake George. The Finger 
Lakes are in old valleys which 
were deepened and blocked by the ice and 
its deposits. The same is true of the Adiron- 
dack Lakes. In all parts of the state are 
small lakes and ponds, many of which lie or. 
the uneven surface of the glacial drift. 
especially where thick morainic accumula- 
tions are found. 

Drainage. — The student should review the 
account of rivers and valleys in the early part 
of the geography. The drainage of the main- 
land of New York is remarkable for the fact 
that its waters belong to so many river sys- 
tems, reaching the ocean by way of the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, New York Bay, Delaware 
Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Gulf of 
Mexico. Let us study the different river sys- 
tems of the state in this order. 

The St. Lawrence Drainage. — A study of 
the map on page xi shows that more of New 
York state drains into the St. Lawrence than 
into any other river system. Several small 
streams flow into Lake Erie or into Niagara 
River. The Genesee, the chief river of west- 
ern New York (p. ii), flows northward across 
the state to Lake Ontario. The waters of all 
the Finger Lakes and of Oneida Lake reach 
Lake Ontario through the Oswego River. The 
Black River drains a large section of the west- 
ern Adirondacks and is the most important 
stream in that part of the state. Like the 
streams already mentioned, it discharges into 
Lake Ontario, and as the St. Lawrence River 
is the outlet of Lake Ontario, the waters from 
all these streams finally reach the Atlantic 
through the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The same 



geo(;raimiy of new york 



Mohawk (liaiii large 
areas of tin soutli- 
ern Adirondacks. On 
one of the branches, 
West Canada Creek, at 
Trenton Falls, is large 
water power. Power 
is developed on many 
other branches, as well 
as on the Mohawk itself 
at Little Falls and 
Cohoes. The Mohawk 
was navigated by small 
barges in the early days 
of the colony, and 'by 
means of dams and 
locks it is now used as 
a section of the Barge 
Canal. 

The Delazvare Drain- 
age. — The Delaware 
River drains a large 

IS true of the drauiage of the northern and part of the rugged and picturesque country 
northeastern .Adirondacks. The Oswe- of southeastern New York into Delaware 
gatchie. Grass, Racket, St. Regis, and Bay. Some of its tributaries reach far into 
Salmon rivers flow into the St. Lawrence, the Catskill Mountains, where their falls and 
while the Saranac and Ausable rivers and the rapids add greatly to the attractiveness of 
waters of Lake George reach the main stream summer resorts. 

through Lake Champlain. The Susquehanna Drainage. — The Susque- 

The Hudson Drainage. — The Hudson River hanna River drains a larger area within the 




Drainage basins of New York 



IS the great stream of the southeastern Adiron- 
dack region. It leaves the mountains a little 
above Glens Falls and occupies a broad low- 



state than does the Delaware. It rises 
in Otsego Lake, and leaves the state near the 
village of Waverly, reaching the sea at the 



land valley to a point below Newburgh, head of Chesapeake Bay. Among its trib- 

thence following the Highland gorge and the utaries are Unadilla Creek and Chenango 

foot of the Palisades. In its upper course River in central New York, and the Chemung 

there are numerous falls and rapids, but River flowing from the west, 
below Fort Edward there are dams and locks The Allegheny Drainage.— 'Vh^- .Allegheny 

making it part of the Barge Canal, and from River drains parts of Allegany, Cattaraugus, 

Troy to the ocean it is a tidal stream, much and Chautauqua counties in the southwestern 

used as a waterwav. The falls are used for part of the state. Its waters finally reach the 

the development of w^ater power especially Atlantic through the Ohio and Mississippi 

at Corinth, Spier Falls, Glens Falls, and rivers and the GuH of Mexico. Even Chau- 

Mechanicville. Scarcely less important than tauijua Lake and its inlet streams, within a 

the main stream is its great western tributary, few miles of Lake Erie, belong to this drainage 

the Mohawk. The northern branches of the system. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




Average temperature in Jariuary 




Average temperature in July 



Climate. — New York is in the track of the 
great cyclonic movements which cross the 
country from west to east. The prevaiHng 
winds are from the west, and the interior of 
the state has the continental type of climate, 
with hot summers and cold winters. 

The usual maximum temperatures in July 
or August are from 80° to 90°, and these, 
owing to the moisture in the air, or its humidity, 
give sultry and oppressive weather. More 
rarely 95° or above marks the summer 
maximum. 

Throughout the interior of the state, the 
ground usually has a cover of snow during 
the winter months. Along the Atlantic 
coast snows are less frequent, but are occa- 
sionally very heavy. 
In the higher plateau 
regions, temperatures 
of 20° or 30° below 
zero may occur once 
or more during the 
winter. In the Adi- 
rondacks, records of 
40° or 50° below zero 
are to be expected. 
In western New York 
along the Great 
Lakes, and in south- 
em New York by the 
sea, the extremes are 




Average annual rainfall 



more moderate, but the temperatures ranging 
from 20° down to the zero point are severe 
on account of the winds on the lakes and 
on account of the greater humidity by the 
seashore. 

The annual rainfall varies from about 30 
to about 55 inches annually according to local- 
ity. There is thus, in ordinary years, every- 
where ample rainfall for crops, although in 
some summers there may be several weeks of 
serious drouth. The heaviest rains occur on 
the highest mountains, — the Adirondacks and 
Catskills. Eastern and southeastern New 
York have more rain than western New 
York, because of nearness to the sea ; for the 
southeast and south winds of the cyclonic 
storms bring moisture 
from the ocean. 

The length of the 
growing period — be- 
tween the last frost 
in spring and the first 
frost in fall — varies 
from about 130 to 
about 190 days in 
different parts of the 
state. The distribu- 
tion of crops is much 
affected by the way 
different regions vary 
in temperature. 



GEOGRAPin' OK NEW YORK 



The length of the growing season, tlie aver- 
age temperature, and the average annual 
rainfall combine to make Long Island, the 
lower Hudson Valley, and the lake country 
of western New ^ Ork 
regions favorable for 
fruits, wheat, and corn, 
while the plateau is 
better suited to grass 
and oats, and the higher 
lands of the Catskills 
and Adirondacks are 
suitable for little besides 
forest. 

Soils. — The soils of 
New York are ncarl\ 
everywhere of glacial 
origin. In most of the 
Adirondack region the 
soil is thin, and is not 
of great fertility, and 
this combined with an 
unfavorable climate 
makes that region un- 
productive. The rocks under the Lake Plains, 
and under much of the Hudson and Mohawk 
valleys, are such that the soils which they 
form are naturally fertile. Ihe plains were 
also enriched by the fine mud or silt de- 
posited in the glacial lakes as already 
described. The soils of the Catskill-Alle- 
gheny Plateau are largely formed from the 
underlying sandstone, which produces rather 
poor soil. This soil, however, especially in 
the northern parts of the upland, was un- 
proved by the waste from the more fertile 
region to the north when tins waste was 
transported southward by the ue and mingled 
with the poorer native sod. 

Along the flood plains of the Genesee, 
.Mohawk, Hudson, Black, and Susquehanna 
rivers, and many lesser streams, the finer 
glacial material has been moved, worked 
over, and deposited by the rivers. When 
these low flat grounds are properly drained 
and cultivated they produce abundant 




crops. rile glacial till (p. i\) also usualK 
gives a fairly good soil. 

Natural Vegetation and Forest Products. 
In the /\ilir()iulacks the forest consists mainly 
i)f white pine, spruce, 
hemlock, and birch. As 
white pine is very easily 
worked, it has been for 
many years a favorite 
building material, and 
most of the mature pine 
has been cut. The rest 
of the state has a pre- 
dominance of hardwood 
trees, mingled with a 
lesser number of conifer- 
ous trees. The chief 
hardwoods are maple, 
beech, ash, oak, chest- 
imt, cherry, and hickory. 
\mong the softer woods, 
basswood is widely dis- 
tributed. The state 
owns about 2,000,000 
acres of forest in the Adirondacks and the 
Catskills. In botli of these regions there are 
large estates or private parks, amounting in 
all to several hundred thousand acres. Other 
tracts are held by lumber companies. 

In the less densely settled parts of the state 
many of the farms still have wood lots, from 
which the owners get material for fences, 
firewood, and some coarse lumber. From 
the sap of the hard maples the farmers make 
a considerable amount ot maple sirup and 
maple sugar. 

Much spruce timber is cur in the Adiron- 
dacks, whence it is carried to the convenient 
centers of water power on the outskirts of the 
region and made into wood pulp. In this 
industry New York has a high rank, but the 
total amount of lumber cut each year is 
much smaller than it was fifty years ago. 

Through schools of forestry and by private 
enterprise efl^orts are being made to reforest 
some of the less valuable lands of the state. 



^. Adii 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 



Animal Life. — Wild life is found in its most 
conspicuous development in the Adirondacks. 
Moose and deer are protected by law. Deer 
may be hunted during a brief season. A single 
hunter is not permitted to take more than two 
deer. The law prohibits trapping beaver, 
which, notwithstanding their abundance in 
the days of the early fur trader, were for a 
time in danger of extinction. Black bears 
are occasionally seen, and a bounty is offered 
for killing wolves and panthers. 

Hares, rabbits, and squirrels are common 
m all parts of the state, as are also muskrats 
and woodchucks. Foxes are not uncommon, 
and waterfowl and other game birds still oc- 
cupy the marshes, lakes, and forests. 

There is important oyster fishing off the 
shores of Long Island. Bluefish and clams 
are also taken, and shad are caught in the 
Hudson. In the Great Lakes and other 
fresh waters of the state, the trout, black 
bass, pickerel, whitefish, and muskellunge 
are among the important species. F"ish 
hatcheries are maintained for restocking the 
lakes and streams with valuable kinds ot 
fish. All these forms of wild life, and the 
song birds as well, are under the care of the 
State Conservation Commission, and game 
wardens have been appointed to prevent 
violations of the game laws. 

Review. — i. What river systems are represented 
in New York ? 2. Where do the waters of each 
river system enter the ocean .^ 3. What are the 
principal rivers of western New York .? 4. What 
are the main streams in the western Adirondacks .? 
In the northern Adirondacks.? 5. For what 
reasons is the Mohawk Valley important ? 

6. What are the minimum temperatures of 
the plateau region ? Of the Adirondack region ? 
7. Compare the rainfall of the coast region and 
of the Great Lake border. 

8. How was the soil of the Lake Plains en- 
riched ? 9. How was the soil of the plateau 
improved ? 10. Where are flood-plains ? 

II. What are the leading kinds of hardwood 
trees in New York ? 12. Describe the regulations 
for game protection. 13. What commission has 
charge of these interests ? 



INDUSTRIES 

Agriculture. — When the 13th census was 
taken in 1910, New York stood eighth among 
the states of the United States in the value 
of all farm products. Illinois stood first, 
followed in order by Iowa, Texas, Ohio. 
Georgia, Missouri, and Kansas. The most 
valuable single crop in New York was hay and 
forage, its value being a little less than two 
fifths of the total value of the farm products 
of the state. Cereals were second in value 
with about one fifth of the total. Vegetables, 
fruits, and forest products followed in order 
of importance. 

We have already seen that New York 
shows great variety in soil, altitude, tempera- 




ture, and rainfall. Such differences have 
naturally led to great differences in the kind 
and character of the crops raised. Wheat is 
confined almost entirely to western New 
York. Corn is well distributed over the state 
except in the Adirondack region, but the 
crop does not compare with that of the states 
in the corn belt, from Ohio to Kansas. Oats, 
being hardy, are grown more generally than 
corn. Of the lesser cereals, some barley and 
rye are raised ; and New York ranks with 
Pennsylvania as one of the leading states in 
the growing of buckwheat. 



CJEOCJRAl'HV OF NKW YORK 



^ 






,.y^§^^^ir^0^^$S! 




One dot equals :;,000 tons. 
The solid bl^iclc areas are 
formed by Oie closeness of 
the dots In rccioDS ui create' 




Hay and forage production 



Hav and forage are not only the largest 
crop, but in this product New York is 
surpassed by no state but Iowa. This large 
product makes possible a great dairying in- 
dustry. At the census of lyio New ^ ork 
had more dairy cows than any other state, 
being slightly in advance of Wisconsin and 
Iowa. The success of this industry depends 
upon conditions of soil and chmare, aiui 
upon nearness to market. The cool uplands 
of the plateau region are well suited to grass. 
While the climate is not so favorable for ripen- 
ing grain, corn can almost everywhere be 
brought to a state of maturity suitable for 
silage. In this form it serves as a nourishing 
food for great numbers of cattle throughout 
the winter months when other green food is 
not available. 

.\s nearly three fourths of the ten millions 
of people in New York state live in cities and 
large villages (census of 191 S), they require 
enormous supplies of dairy products. Rail- 
roads whose trains carry fresh milk and cream 
to the city of New York extend through all 
central New York to Lake Ontario, and far 
into western and northern New York. 
Throughout these dairying regions the farm- 
ers may be seen early in the morning carrying 
the milk to some near-by milk station, where 
it is cooled and then shipped in refrigerator 
cars to New 'V'ork or some other city. 







One (lot equals 



^i#?^ 

/■^^^-l.^ 



Number of dairy cows 



In nearly every dairy district, but more 
especially in regions at some distance from 
the larger cities, creameries and cheese fac- 
tories abound. This is true of the high 
plateau region of southwestern New York, 
and of the belt of lowland between the 
Adirondacks and the Canadian boundary. 
Various factories are devoted to the manu- 
facture of condensed milk, milk powder, and 
other dairy products. 

In recent years much attention has been 
given to rearing the best breeds of stock, and 
both state and federal authorities prevent as 
far as possible the spread of tuberculosis 
among cattle. Animals affected by the foot 
and mouth disease are slaughtered and buried 
to prevent the spread of that dreaded plague. 

In the rearing of sheep and swine New York 
does not take high rank. In the value of 
poultry, however, the census figures show 
that New York was exceeded by only five 
states. Here, as in dairying, however, the 
trade is chiefly local, as the cities make large 
demands. 

In the production of fruits New- York is 
second only to California. Small fruits are 
grown in all parts of the state except the 
Adirondacks, the Catskills, and the plateau 
of southwestern New York. Orchard fruits 
are raised everywhere in the state except in 
the central Adirondacks. They are especially 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




Production of orchard fruits 



abundant on the Lake Plains of western New- 
York and in the Hudson Valley. South of 
Lake Ontario is a belt of apple, pear, and 
peach orchards, unequaled m any other 
part of our country. New York has regions 
well fitted in climate and soil for the raising 
of grapes. Chief of these is the Chautauqua 
" grape belt," bordering Lake Erie in the 
southwest corner of the state and extending 
into Pennsylvania. In this region many 
grapes are used in the manufacture of unfer- 
mented grape juice. Ne.xt is the Finger 
Lake region, particularly about Lake Keuka, 
andcenteringin the region around Hammonds- 
port. In this district there Is a large grape 
juice industry. Some grapes are raised also 
in the Hudson Valley. 

New York is the leading state in the produc- 
tion of potatoes. Western New York and 
Long Island are the regions of the largest 
potato production. Miscellaneous vegetables 
are also important, especially in Long Island, 
where large quantities are grown for the New 
^'ork market, and in Monroe and Erie 
counties, for the supply of Rochester and 
Buffalo. Large crops of onions are raised 
in Orange, Wayne, and Madison counties. 
Fhe canning of fruits and vegetables has also 
become an important industry. 

Among special crops may be named the 
hops grown in central New ^'ork, mainly in 




One dot equals l.OOO.OOO 
pounds. The solid black 
termed by the 



Production of grapes 



Otsego, Schoharie, Oneida, Madison, and 
Montgomery counties. Peas and beans are 
raised mainly in northern and western New 
York, and in the counties bordering Lake 
Ontario and the f inger Lakes. Some tobacco 
is raised in central and southern New York ; 
Onondaga and Chemung are the leading 
counties in that crop. Hothouse and nursery 
products are grown in and near the greater 
cities, and the nursery farms about Roches- 
ter, Geneva, and Dansville are among the 
most extensive in the United States. 

Review. — i. What is the rank of New York in 
farm products ? 2. What state rivals New York 
in producing hay and forage? 3. How are dairy 
supplies furnished to the city of New York : 




Potato production 



GE(x;RAnl^ of nkw ^ork 



4. Where are creameries and cheese 
factories numerous ? v What regions 
in the state raise much orchard fruit ? 
6. What regions of New ^'ork arc 
favorable for grapes? 7. In what 
parts of the state are hops grown ? 
Peas and beans? Tobacco? Nursery 
products ? 

Water Resources. — When the 
population of a country increases, 
well waters are in danger of pollu- 
tion, and the wells are gradually 
abandoned. As a result all the 
large cities and villages of the state, 
and many smaller ones, now have 
public water supply. In order to suppl\ 
water for the city of New ^'ork immense 
dams and reservoirs were constructed in 
Westchester and Ulster counties, many miles 
from the great city. Some cities and villages 
draw their water supply from large streams, 
but many rivers have become impure 
through sewage and the waste from manu- 
facturing plants. City water supplies, there- 
fore, are generally drawn from lakes, or from 
reservoirs fed by small streams in forests or 
farming districts, where all possible safeguards 
against pollution have been taken. Thus the 
city of Utica receives water from reservoirs 
in the neighboring hills, and 
from the West Canada Creek, 
an Adirondack stream; Syra- 
cuse derives its supply from 
Skaneateles Lake, Rochester 
from Hemlock Lake, and 
Buffalo from Lake Erie at 
the head of the Niagara 
River. 

Few^ states are so well 
provided with water power 
as New York. The greatest 
single water power in the 
state is at Niagara Falls, 
where several plants are situ- 
ated. Here electric power is 
developed on a large scale. 





Dvnamos in a Ni 



and transmitted to Buffalo and to other cities 
and villages. Ihe waters of the Genesee 
River at Rochester have long been used foi 
power. Throughout the plateau and Fingei 
Lake region many waterfalls are suited to 
this purpose, and many streams flowing from 
the Adirondack region provide power foi 
large mills and factories. 

Mineral Resources. — Of the mineral re- 
sources of the state, the most widely distrib- 
uted are the building stones. Granite is 
quarried in the Highlands of the Hudson, in 
some parts of the Adirondacks, and on 
Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River. 

Limestone is found in the 

Hudson and Mohawk val- 
le\s, near Trenton Falls, at 
( )riskany Falls, in the hills 
south of Syracuse, and in 
the vicinity of Lockport, 
Niagara Falls, and Buffalo. 
Several public buildings in 
Syracuse are constructed of 
Onondaga limestone. Mar- 
ble, which is a changed 
linu-stone, is quarried at 
(>ou\erneur in St. Lawrence 
C()unr\, and at Tiickahoe, 
near the city of New ^'ork. 
Much ordinary limestone is 
" burned,"' that is, it is highK 



powrr pl.'iin 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




heated and changed into quicklime. A cer- 
tain kind of limestone is called hydraulic 
limestone because when burned and ground 
it becomes a cement that " sets " under water. 
Limestone of this kind is quarried near Kings- 
ton and near Syracuse. 

Sandstone occurs in many parts ot the 
state. The Potsdam sandstone of northern 
New York is a very hard, reddish rock, and 
a valuable building stone. The Medina 



the place of the natural limestone cement, 
and plants for its manufacture are found at 
several points, as on Cayuga Lake near 
Ithaca, at Jamesville near Syracuse, at 
Howe Cave in Schoharie County, and at 
Hudson and Catskill. 

Clay is used in many parts of the state for 
making brick, drain tile, and sewer pipe 
The largest beds are along the Hudson, and 
in this valley there has grown up one of the 
greatest brick-making industries in the world. 
The bricks are readily transported in scows 
to New York and other cities. 

Gypsum occurs in Cayuga County and m 
some other parts of central and western New 
York. It is used for fertilizer and for making 
wall plaster. 

New York is one of the most important 
states in the production of salt. Before the 
coming of the white man, the Iroquois Indians 
found salt springs where Syracuse now is, and 
they made salt by evaporating the brine. 
In 1880, a boring in western New York 
revealed the fact that there are beds of rock 
salt far below the surface. These beds are 
now reached by wells, into which water is 
poured to dissolve the salt. The brine is then 



sandstone, quarried in Orleans County, is 

a brownstone used as a building stone and pumped out and the water is evaporated to 
for paving blocks. Another sandstone used 
in building is the bluestone of western 
New York and of Chenango and neighbor- 
ing counties. The flagstone of Ulster, 
Delaware, and Greene counties is quarried 
in large, thin slabs for various uses. A 
coarser rock of the same nature, called 
conglomerate or grit, is quarried in Ulster 
Count}'. 

In Washington County, as in the neighbor- 
ing part of Vermont, slate is quarried and is 
used for roofing and ornamental work, and for 
school blackboards. 

Portland cement is made of limestone and secure the salt. Shafts have also been sunk, 
clay. The clay may be taken from uncon- so that the salt may be mmed m blocks, 
solidated clay beds of glacial origin, or from Silver Springs, Warsaw, Retsof, CuylerviUe. 
more ancient clay rocks, known as shales. Watkins, and Ithaca are localities known for 
This manufactured cement has largely taken the salt industry. 




CKOtJRAl'in OF NLW ^()RK 



The city of Olean is in the 
mulsr ot a petroleum region 
whicli extends into New 
^Ork from the larger oil 
fields of western Pennsyl- 
vania, riiousantls of petro- 
leum wells ha\e heen bored 
in Cattaraugus and Allegany 
counties, and this region still 
continues to furnish a con- 
siderable amount of oil. Re- 
lated to petroleum is natural 
gas, which occurs in paying 
quantities in the oil region, 
also in several other counties 
of western and central New 
York. 

Graphite is mined near Lake George, and 
much talc, used with pulp in making paper, 
is found in St. Lawrence County. 

There are important deposits ot magnetite, 
a pure kind of iron ore, in the eastern Adiron- 
dacks on the borders of Lake Champlain. 
Red hematite, another imn ore, is found in 
Oneida and Wa\ne couinus : some of it is 
ground for making a coarse kiiul of led paint. 

Review. — i. Why do cities seek \v;irer supply 
from ink.es and the headwaters of rivers ? 
2. Describe the largest water power in the state. 
S. What other regions have much water power? 

4. Where is granite found ? Sandstone ? 
Marble.? Slate? 5. Where are the largest clay 
deposits in the state ? 6. What use is made of 
this clay ? 7. By what methods is salt obtained ? 
8. What part of the state produces petroleum ? 
Natural gas ? 9. Where are deposits of iron ore 
found ? 

Manufacture. — The total value of all manu- 
factures in the state of New York, at the 
census of 1914, was nearly four billion dollars. 
No other state reached this figure. In like 
manner the city of New York led all other 
cities, producing a value of more than two 
billion dollars. 

New York has been the first state in the 
value of its manufactures since 1S25, the date 
of the opening of the Erie Canal. Through 




the completion of this great transportation 
route, the popuiarion of the state grew 
rapidly, the farm produce was increased, the 
cities were enlarged, and business and com- 
merce centered more and more in the Lmpire 
State, and in its greatest city. Of 265 kinds 
of manufactures on which the United States 
census makes reports, 243 are represented in 
this state, and 217 in the city of New York. 

New York stands first not only in total 
value but also in a number of special kinds ot 
manufactured goods. Among these is men's 
clothing, in which the product is more than 
twice that of any other state ; also women's 
clothing, with about nine times the value of 
that of any other state. The state also leads 
in printing and book making, baking products, 
sugar refining, tobacco manufactures, milli- 
nery goods, fur goods, pianos and organs, 
confectionery, copper, tin, and sheet iron 
products, paint and varnish, patent medicines, 
and man}- other manufactures. In all the in- 
dustries named in this paragraph, the city of 
New York is far in the lead among the cities 
of the state and of the country. 

Among the other important manufactures 
in which the state leads, are hosiery and knit 
goods, paper, chemicals, electrical machinery 
and supplies, and carpets and rugs. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




Packing room of a Buffalo flour mill 



slaughtering and meat packing. No one of 
these industries falls below $100,000,000 in 
the state, and the two clothing industries 
taken together produce an annual value of 
nearly $600,000,000. The only industry of 
these five for which the state affords much 
raw material is printing and publishing. The 
material is largely paper, and a very large 
share of the newspaper stock is manufactured 
in the pulp and paper mills of the Adirondack 
region. 

For the other four industries the state 
provides little material. The clothing indus- 
tries use cotton, wool, flax, and silk goods as 
well as furs, feathers, and a variety of metallic 
and other substances for buttons, buckles, 
New York state is second to Minnesota in and various ornaments. Practically all of 
flour and gristmill products. Although it is these materials come from other states or 
far from the great grain fields of the west, the other countries. In like manner, most of the 
railways and the ships on the Great Lakes 
bring enough grain to the New York mills 
to make this possible. As the greater num- 
ber of people live in the east, the largest 
markets are in the east, and there is some- 
times economy in bringing the grain near to 
the market where flour is in demand, before 
it is manufactured. 

In like manner. New ^'ork ranks next to 
Illinois and Kansas in meat packing, although 
the state produces but few of the cattle and 
swine that supply its meat-packing establish- 
ments. In this industry, the city ot New 
York ranks next after Chicago and Kansas 
City. New York state also ranks high in the 
production of butter, cheese, and condensed animals which are the raw material of meat 
milk, reaching more than half the product of packing are brought from states farther west. 
Wisconsin, the leading state. In foundry and Most of the iron and steel also, for foundry 
machine shop products the state of New York and machine-shop work, is made in Penn- 
is second to Pennsylvania and Ohio, and the sylvania and other states, the principal excep- 
city is next to Chicago. The state takes third tion being the product of furnaces near 
place in the manufacture of automobiles, and Buffalo and in the region about Lake Cham- 
second in that of boots and shoes. plain. Thus it is not the presence of raw 
The five leading industries of New "S'ork, materials, but facilities for transportation and 
both state and city, are: women's cloth- for marketing the products, that have de- 
ing, men's clothing, printing and publishing, veloped the largest of New York's manufac- 
foundrv and machine-shop products, and turing industries. 




CKOCiRAPin OK NKW YORK 




The clotliin^ product of New ^'ork is nearly 
one half of the total for the United States. 
This means that the state not only clothes 
most of Its own people, iiut its marketing 
facilities enable it to supply the people of 
many other stares. In the same manner, the 
machine shops rake the steel from other 
states, make agricultural imiilements, t\ pe- 
writers, gas machines, gas and water meters, 
hardware, iron pipe, plumbers' supplies, heat- 
ing apparatus, structural iron, and many other 
things, and sell them in all the markets of 
the world. 

Another example of raw material hioiight 
to New ^ oik tor manufacture is lumber. 
New York toiiiuiU cut much lumber from 
its forests, but the supply has decreased, and 
at the present rime about twenty states draw 
a larger product from their forests than does 
New York. But this state, nevertheless, 
supplies three fifths as much as Washington, 
the leading state in this industry, in tin 
value of the things made out of lumber. 

A further case of this kind is found m the 
grinding of corn, buckwheat, and oats. Of 
these three grains. New \'ork leads only in 
the production of buckwheat, and is eleventh 
in the raising of oats, and twenty-fifth in the 
throwing of corn. Yet she holds first place 
HI milling all three. 



Se\eral manutactuiing industries of New 
York are localized or concentrated in a single 
city, or a group of neighboring cities. Nearlj' 
one third of the hosiery and knit goods, in- 
cluding knit undergarments, hose, sweaters, 
knit gloNes and mittens, hoods, and scarfs, 
produced in this countrx', are made in the 
state of New ^ oi k. C'ohoes is the center of 
this industry, where it began in 1832, with the 
invention by a local manufacturer of a power 
knitting machine. The falls of the Mohawk 
at that place lia\e furnished the necessary 
power. Otiier large mills are found at Am- 
sterdam, Little Kails, Utica, and other cities 
and villages in the Mohawk Valley. 

The making of collars, cuffs, and shirts is 
localized in the city of Troy, which now makes 
about nine tenths of all the goods of this kind 
made in our country. Glens Falls is also a 
center for this industry. As in the case of 
knir goods, the raw materials must all be 
imported, and there is no geographic reason 
wh\ these special industries should have 
developed in these particular localities. A 
favorable start was made many years ago, 
skilled labor developed, markets were estab- 
lished, such places as Cohoes and Troy gained 
a reputation for their products, and the busi- 
ness has thus centered itself more and more 
in these cities. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 



The same influences led to the location and 
development of the leather glove and mitten 
industry. New York makes about 60 per 
cent of the product in 
the country. Fulton 
County has about two 
fifths of the glove fac- 
tories of the United 
States and makes 
more than half the 
gloves and mittens, 
on the basis of value. 
The industry is cen- 
tered mainly in the 
two neighboring cities 
of Gloversville and 
Johnstown, in which the making of gloves 
and mittens is the chief industry. The skins 
must all be brought from remote regions, 
and the coal for power is brought from 
Pennsylvania. Much of the labor, however, 
is hand labor, and these cities are known 
everywhere for the quality of the work. 

Many industries are concentrated in the 
city of New York. For example, this city 
produces about 60 per cent of the country's 
millinery and lace goods, and 70 per cent of 
the country's fur goods and women's clothing. 
The refining of sugar is a large industry in 
the borough of Brooklyn, as is also the 
roasting and grinding of spices and coffee. 

Among manufacturing industries which are 
based on raw materials produced in the state. 



1 




M^m 


ml 






[^^^ 




Amip' 'i^.^ s Vl^cl^^ 


rall^. JBIbi 




iln'^t^fl^ wB 


pps 




HHp^ 


I'^-iM--^ 




Sewing room in a glove factory, 


Glovcrsv.lk 




the making of butter and cheese has been 

studied under the head of Agriculture. 

Another kind of manufacture which uses 
home products is can- 
ning and preserving. 
There are nearly 800 
establishments of this 
kind in New York, 
canning fresh vege- 
tables and fruits, and 
making pickles, pre- 
serves, and sauces 
Beans, corn, peas, 
pumpkins, squashes, 
and tomatoes are tht 
chief vegetables used. 

and the fruits consist of apples, pears. 

peaches, plums, cherries, and berries. 

Review. — I. Give the value of manufactures in 
the state, according to the last census. 2. Name 
several kinds of manufactures in which the 
state stood first ; several in which the city of 
New York stood first. 3. What five manufac- 
turing industries each put out products exceeding 
in value $100,000,000 ? 4. How does New York 
rank in the production of lumber, and in the 
manufacture of lumber.'' 5. Give an account 
of the concentration of the knit-goods in- 
dustry. 6. What are the centers of glove mak- 
ing .'' 7. What industry is concentrated in Troy .' 
What industries in the city of New York ? 

Transportation Routes. — The most impor- 
tant route in the state leads from the city of 
New York up the Hudson River to Albany, 
westward to Schenectady on the Mohawk 
River, through the Mohawk Valley to Utica 
and Rome, and across the Lake Plains to 
Niagara and Buffalo. In this distance of 
about 450 miles from the ocean to the lakes, 
the only considerable railroad grade is found 
for a short distance west of Albany. The 
divide between the Mohawk and Ontario 
basins is passed at Rome, at an altitude of 
about 450 feet. This route is followed 
by the New York Central lines, by the 
Erie branch of the New York State Barge 
Canal, and bv a series of state roads. 



CKOCRAIMH' Ol- NKW \()\iK 



In the early days people and 
goods were transported up tin- 
Hudson by boats. 1 he goods wen 
then carried across the divitli 
between Albany and Schenectad\ 
on the Mohawk River. Thence 
the passage was by boat up the 
river to the Oneida Carrying Place, 
where Rome now is. More than 
i hundred years ago, settlers 
passed into central and western 
New York by this route. From 
the carrying place at Rome, boats 
were again used down Wood Creek, 
and through the Oneida and 
Oswego rivers to Oswego. From the junc- 
tion of the Oneida and Seneca rivers the 
route by the Seneca River led westward n> 
\uburn, Geneva, and Canandaigua. 

Very early in the history of the state a small 
canal, equipped with locks, was dug to avoid 
the rapids at Little Falls. A canal was also 
Jug at the Oneida Carrying Place, and a high- 
way beginning by the Mohawk Ri\er at 
Utica, known as the Genesee Road, was built 
through the forest, westward to Auburn and 
Geneva. Over this road a multitude of settlers 
went into western New \'ork and on to Ohio. 

The long journey by boat on the rivers, or 
by w'agon on new roads, made traffic between 
western New York and the Hudson Valley 
tedious and expensive. Farmers could not 
afford to send their grain and fruit to Albany 
and New York, where it was needed, and there 
arose an agitation in favor of a canal to join 
Lake Erie and the Hudson River. The 
project was taken up by De Witt Clinton, 
governor of New York, and in 1S17 the work 
began near Rome. The canal was completed 
in 1825. Navigation was begun with an 
elaborate celebration, and the event was for 
that time quite as important as the opening 
of a transcontinental railway to-day. 

As a consequence, the produce of western 
New"h'ork could be profitably marketed in the 
east, and settlers rushed westward to take 




advantage of rich and cheap lands, and to 
build new homes in western New York, in 
Ohio, and on the western prairies. 

Later, a railway was built from Albany to 
Schenectady, — the first in the state, — and 
still later sections were completed between 
Schenectady and Utica, between Syracuse 
and Auburn, between Utica and Syracuse, 
and finally, by the addition of other links, a 
series of roads joined the city of New York 
and Buffalo. These roads were made into 
one system — the New York Central — in 
1869. 

Some years afterward the West Shore Rail- 
road was built, and as it was finally leased 
by the New York Central Lines, the last- 
named system now has four tracks leading 
from New York to Albany, and six from 
Albany to Buffalo. 

Other trunk railways, running for long 
distances through our state, extend from the 
city of New York westward. One of the first 
railroads of New York was the New York 
Lake Erie and \\ estern, passing through Port 
Jervis, Binghamton, Elmira, and Hornell, to 
Dunkirk and the west, and from Hornell ovei 
the Poitage Gorge of the Genesee River to 
Buffalo. The Delaware Lackawanna and 
Western Railroad, entering the state from 
Pennsylvania, extends from Binghamton to 
Utica, from Binghamtf)n to Syracuse and 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 



Oswego, and from Binghamton 
to Buffalo. The New York 
Ontario and Western Railway 
crosses mountain and plateau 
from New York, by way of the 
cities of Middletown, Norwich, 
and Oneida, connecting at 
Oswego with the Rome Water- 
town and Ogdensburg division 
of the New York Central Lines, 
for the west and north. The 
Lehigh Valley and Pennsyl- 
vania railroads run across cen- 
tral and western New York to 
ports on Lake Erie and Lake 
Ontario. All the railroads above described, 
except the New York Central Lines, carry 
immense amounts of coal into New York 
and to lake ports for Canada. 

The Erie and the Delaware Lackawanna 
and Western railroads take advantage of the 
Susquehanna and Chemung valleys, which 
offer a great east and west route in south- 
ern New York. Between this route and that 
of the New York Central Lines, many valleys 
cut through the plateau in a north and south 
direction. Many of these valleys are uti- 
lized by railroads, including the Unadilla, 
Chenango, Cayuga, Seneca, and Genesee 
valleys. 

Another great natural route extends up the 
Hudson Valley, across the divide near Fort 
Edward and through the Champlain Valley 
to Montreal. This route from Albany, Troy, 
and Schenectady northward is followed by 
the Delaware and Hudson Railroad, which 
also reaches from Albany to Binghamton, and 
to the coal district of northeastern Pennsyl- 
vania. Several branches of the New York 
Central Lines serve the region west and 
north of the Adirondacks, and several rail- 
roads penetrate the Adirondack region. 

After the Erie Canal was finished, several 
other canals were constructed, but some of 
them were later abandoned. A canal that 
is still maintained connects Rome with the 




Canals of New York 



Black River Valley, by way of Boonville. 
The other canals still maintained by the state 
have been enlarged or reconstructed as parts 
of the Barge Canal system. 

The New York State Barge Canal is by far 
the largest and most important piece of canal 
construction ever undertaken by any state. 
The navigable waterways thus provided are 
approximately 540 miles in length, and large 
and deep enough for barges of 1000 tons each. 
Several lakes, and several canalized rivers, 
are included in the system, as shown by 
the map above. On the map, trace routes 
from Troy to Buffalo, and to Whitehall ; 
from Oswego to Syracuse, to Ithaca, and to 
Watkins. 

During recent years the state has built 
many good roads, joining the larger cities and 
villages, and furnishing outlets for the produce 
of the farmers. The need of good roads for 
rural delivery of mails, and for automobile 
traffic, has been influential in developing this 
form of transportation facilities. 

Electric railways have also been extensively 
built in recent years, not only for the con- 
venience of cities and their suburbs, but as 
interurban roads which join many of the 
larger cities and towns of the state. These 
roads are most largely developed between 
Albany and Buffalo, as parallels to sections 
of the New York Central Lines. 



CKOCRAlMh Ol NKW ^ORK 



1 he city of New \ oik staiitls as tlu wisniii 
terminus ot the most traveled ot all oeiaii 
routes between the United States and hurope. 
It is also one of the principal ports tor the 
extensive coastinn traffic which follows our 
shores from Maine to the (lulf ol Mexico. 
Buffalo is the eastern terminus of much ot 
the Great Lake trafHc, and there is local 
traffic on Lake Ontario from Oswego, Roches- 
ter, and other New' ^'ork ports, to Toronto 
and K.iii<;sron m Canada. 

Review. — i. What is the leading transporta- 
tion route in the state? 2. What large cities 
are on this route? 3. How was Mohawk naviga- 
tion first improved ? 4. \\ here was the (ieiiesee 
Road ? 5. (live an account of the making of the 
Erie Canal. 6. When was the tirst railway built 
in the state ? What points did it join ? 7. (live 
the names and routes of the trunk railroads lead- 
ing westward through the state. S. What canals 
are included in the Barge Canal system ? 9. (nve 
an account of the extension of good roads. 
10. What is the importance of HufFalo. in drear 
Lake traffic ? 

POPUL.XriON 

Distribution of Population. At the time 
of the United States Census of 1920 the popu- 
lation of New York averaged 211 persons for 
each square mile. Only four other states 
have a greater density of population than 
this; namely, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, 
New |erse\', and Connecticut. 




Density of population in New York by counties. iy.;ij 



I he ma|) nil I his page gives the tleiisity ot 
jiopulation hy counties. The regions having 
a ilensity of 100 or more include all the coun- 
ties from Orange to the eastern end ol Long 
Island. Kach of the other counties of this 
density, such as Onondaga, .Monroe, aiul 
I'.rie, contains one or more large cities and 
villages. rhe only county that averages less 
than 3 people per square nnle is Hamilton, 
which is whollv in the Adirondack region of 
mountains and torest. In ndirlurn New 
\ ork, adjoining or near Hamilton County, 
several counties, Warren, Essex, Clinton, 
Franklin, St. Lawrence, Lewis, and Herki- 
mer, have each a density between 17 and 44. 
Kvery one of these counties has some rich 
lands and flourishing villages, but each also 
extends over large areas ot Adirondack forest. 
Similar densities are found in Allegany, 
Schuyler. Chenango, Delaware. Schoharie, 
and Sullivan counties, which have few large 
villages and whose uplands are largely de- 
voted to the dairying industry. Interme- 
diate m density, 50 to lOO, are counties 
having rich farms, with some large villages 
and small cities. Examples in this group are 
Jefferson, Wayne, Orleans. Genesee, Steuben, 
Madison, Ontario, and I Ister counties. 

On the whole, the densest populations ot 
New York are on Long Island, in the Hud- 
son and Mohawk valleys, on the Lake Plains, 
and on the flood plains of the Susquehanna 
and Chemung rivers. In other words, the 
regions ot lower altitude and milder chmate, 
of rich soils and good transportation facilities, 
support the most people. 

The cities and large villages are growing in 
pnpulation faster than the country districts. 
\i rhe time of the 1920 census 82.7 per cent of 
all the people of the state lived in cities or in 
\ illages having a population of 2500 or more. 

Ihe state, in 1910, had about 2.750,000 in- 
habitants who were born in foreign lands, or 
somewhat more than one fourth of the whole 
population. Most of the foreign-born li\e in 
the cities. 




The metropolitan district including northeastexn New Jersey and southeastern New York 



GE(X;RAl'li^' ()| NKW \i)\<K 



Rural counties such as Allegany, SttLilx.ii, 
Cortland, Chenango, and Greene have from 
5 to lO per cent of foreign-born, in compari- 
son with New York, Monroe, and Krie, in 
which there are 35 to 60 per cent. 

riie total population of New ^'ork m 1900 
was 7,268,894. In 1910 it was 9,113,614, 
showing an increase of nearly two million. 
The population in 1920, according to tin- 
census of that year, was 10,384,829. 

Cities. — Fifty-nine centers of population 
are incorporated as cities. 1 hese range in 
population from less than 5000 to 5,000,000. 
Only si.x fall below a population of 10,000. 
Six exceed 100,000, and eleven have more 
than 50,000 people. Some places of 10,000 to 
15,000 population retain the village form 
of government ; namel\% Ossining, Peekskill, 
and Port Chester. The sections following 
give information concerning the cities of the 
state, and also concerning many of the larger 
villages. 

City of New York. — Founded as New 
Amsterdam by the Dutch colonists, the settle- 
ment was at Hrst a small village at the south 
end of Manhattan Island, in the vicinity of 
the present Battery Park. At the cio.se of 
the nineteenth century, the city covered all 
Manhattan Island, and extended into the 
mainland. Brooklyn had been added to the 
greater city in 1S98, as had also some other 
parts of Long Island, and the whole of Staten 
Island. Thus " Greater New "^'ork " con- 
sists of five boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, 
Queens, Richmond, and the Bronx. It in- 
cludes a land area of about 300 square miles 
and from north to south extends more than 
thirty miles. 

The borough of Manhattan consists of 
Manhattan Island and a few small islands 
in the adjacent waters. Manhattan Island 
is 13^ miles long, and its greatest width is 
2\ miles. It rises to an altitude of 238 feet, 
at Washington Heights in the north, and 
consists mainly of ancient hard rocks, which 
have made expensive excavations necessary 



in establishing street grades and providing 
for basements and subways. 

On the west of Manhattan Island is the 
Hud.son, often called locally the North River. 
On the south is New 'h'ork Bay, on the east 
is the Fast River, — a strait joining New 
"*l'ork Bay and Fong Island Sound, and 
on the north are other straits called Harlem 
River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek. All these 
are tidal waters, so that the entire border 
of the island is reached by ships of greater 
or less draught. The largest ships dock on 
the west side of the island and on the New 
Jersey side of the Hudson. This vast net- 
work of tidal waters, well protected from 
violent storms, affords one of the finest 
harbors in the world. Nor onl\ are harbor 
facilities most unusual, but the tidal waters 
extend up the Hudson 150 miles, to Troy, and 
many large passenger and freight steamers 
make use of this great natural highway. 
A little be\ond Albany the Mohawk Valley 
affords an open route to the west. New 
York therefore stands at a gateway of the 
rich interior of the United States, while on 
the east the Atlantic Ocean furnishes a high- 
way to the great commercial nations of 
Europe. Ihis admirable location is the chief 
reason for New \'ork's great growth and its 
vast industries and commerce. 

As old New York was in the southern part 
of Manhattan, it is there, as in many old 
cities, that we find the greatest congestion, 
with somewhat narrow, irregular streets. 
The entire central and northern parts of the 
borough are laid out in quadrangular blocks, 
with the avenues running nearly north and 
south, and numbered streets crossing at right 
angles, from the East River to the Hudson 
River. The great artery of traffic is Broad- 
wa\ , which runs northward from Battery 
Park, cutting diagonally several of the ave- 
nues. It is the best-known cit\' street in the 
Western Hemisphere, and is bordered by 
business houses, churches, hotels, theaters, 
apartment houses, and residences. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




Lower Broadway has many tall office 
buildings, or " skyscrapers," in which are 
found the offices of great corporations and 
of many lawyers. Running east from this 
part of Broadway is Wall Street, on which 
are the New York Stock Exchange, the 
United States Subtreasury, and some of the 
largest banks and other financial houses. 
Many parts of lower Manhattan are occupied 
by wholesale houses and by factories. Es- 
tablishments for particular kinds of goods, 
such as leather, hardware, or jewelry, gather 
in groups in certain districts. The retail 
trades extend from about Eighth Street 
northward toward Central Park, on Broad- 
way, Fifth Avenue, and Sixth Avenue, and 
the streets that cross these. In recent 
years some large business houses have re- 
moved from Sixth Avenue and Broadway to 
Fifth Avenue, in which business is gradually 
displacing fine residences as far north as 
Central Park. The great residence districts 
now are about Central Park, on both the 
east and the west side, and farther north on 
the streets lying near the Hudson River. 

On either side of the retail business section, 
particularly on the " East Side," great num- 
bers of people live in apartments. Here 
many foreign-born from almost all countries 
of the world have made their home. 

On or near Broadway, between Thirtieth 
Street and Fiftieth Street, are many of the 



chief theaters and larger hotels of the city. 
Among the leading public institutions are 
the City Library at Fifth Avenue and Forty- 
second Street, the Metropolitan Museum of 
Art and the American Museum of Natural 
History, both in Central Park, and the Botani- 
cal and Zoological gardens, which are in the 
borough of the Bronx. The city is well 
equipped with schools and colleges, and is the 
seat of three great universities, Columbia in 
Manhattan, Fordham in the Bronx, and 
New York University with colleges in both 
boroughs. 

Since many of the people of New York live 
in apartment houses, five, ten, or even fifteen 
stories high, there is great need of public 
parks, of which there are about fifty. Chief 
of these in Manhattan is Central Park, ex- 
tending north from Fifty-ninth Street about 
2w miles. Other large parks are Prospect 
Park in Brooklyn, and Van Cortlandt, Bronx, 
and Pelham Bay Parks in the Bronx. The 
smaller parks, however, are of great service 
because accessible to the homes of the poor, 
who find in them rest, pure air, and sunshine. 

New York is the greatest manufacturing 
city in the world. Its chief industries have 
been described under the head of Manufac- 
ture. As measured in value of products 
about two thirds of the manufacturing in- 
dustries of the city are located in the borough 
of Manhattan. 



CECX;RAlMi\ OK NKW YORK 



The borough of Brooklyn hes 
across the East River from lower 
Manhattan and is a vast city in 
itself. It has large commerce anil 
great manufacturing establish- 
ments, and here many people who 
carry on business in Manhattan 
have their homes. The same is 
true of the borough of Oueens, 
which takes in Long Island Cit\ 
and other centers of population. 
The borough of Richmond includes 
the whole of Staten Island, and 
therefore includes much land stdl 
used for farms and gardens. I he 
Bronx also is in the mam a resi- 
dential section for people who carr\' on busi- 
ness in Manhattan; but it has some piano 
and other factories of its own. 

As has already been pointed out, the more 
important business, theater, and factory dis- 
tricts of the great city are in the lower and 
middle parts of the long and narrow Man- 
hattan Island. Ihere each business day an 
enormous number of people are at work, 
most of whom live in the northern and 
middle parts of the island, in the other 
boroughs, or in the near-by villages of New 
York and New Jersey. During the day and 
evening other thousands visit the trade and 
theater districts of Manhattan on business or 
for pleasure. The problem of moving hun- 
dreds of thousands of people into and out of 
the city and from place to place within its 
limits is one of great difficulty. In the rush 
hours just before the opening of the business 
day every passenger route leading into the 
business district is crowded to the utmost. 
At the close of the business day it is the 
trains, cars, and ferries moving away from 
the business district that are overcrowded. 

In the borough of Manhattan the chief 
lines of transportation run north and south. 
These include (i) many lines of surface electric 
cars running on Broadway and the avenues, 
with numerous cross-town lines, (2) elevated 




railways built above tiie level of the street 
and supported on great iron trestles, and (3) 
a system of subways where the railway 
tracks are laki under the streets. A part of 
the subway system is still under construc- 
tion. Ihe subways connect by tunnels 
under the river beds with New Jersey and 
with the borough of Brooklyn ; and by a 
bridge and a tunnel with the Bronx. There 
are elevated railways also in the boroughs ot 
Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx, connecting 
with Manhattan. 

The surface cars will pick up or leave passen- 
gers at any street corner on signal, but on 
the elevated railroads and the subways there 
are regular passenger stations. On all of the 
railway lines entering the city there are nu- 
merous suburban trains. Passengers on these 
trains arc carried to and from the stations 
within the city or on the New Jersey shore. 
From the New Jersey terminals passengers 
may reach Manhattan by ferry or by tunnel. 

The chief lines handling this suburban 
traffic are the Long Island Railroad, the New 
York New Haven and Hartford Railroad, the 
New \ ork Central and Hudson River Rail- 
road, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Erie 
Railroad, the Delaware Lackawanna and 
Western Railroad, the Lehigh Valley Rail- 
road, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the New 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




York Ontario and Western Railway. The 
Long Island Railroad runs suburban trains to 
the boroughs, cities, and villages of Long 
Island. The New York New Haven and 
Hartford and the New York Central conduct 
most of the suburban traffic of southern 
New York and Connecticut. The other lines 
have a large traffic between New York and 
the cities and villages of northern New Jersey. 

Two railway stations on Manhattan Island 
are of enormous size, magnificent construction, 
and cost millions of dollars each. These are 
the Grand Central on East Forty-second 
Street, and the Pennsylvania Station at 
Thirty-second Street and Seventh Avenue. 
The Pennsylvania trains reach that station 
by a tunnel under the Hudson River. There 
is a tunnel under the East River, so that all 
Long Island is joined to the mainland in its 
railway connections, and the trains on this 
line use the Pennsylvania station. 

Several bridges, including the earliest or 
Brooklyn Bridge, now extend across East 
River. Steamboats and electric cars carry 
great numbers of excursionists to resorts on 
Long Island, and to places on the New Jersey 
shore. Regular lines of steamers, in the ice- 
free season, ply the Hudson River to Albany 
and Troy and intermediate cities. 

North and northeast of the city of New 
York are Yonkers, Mt. Vernon, White Plains, 
New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Rye, and Port 
Chester. East of New York are Glen Cove, 



Rockville Center, Hempstead, and Freeport. 
Many people who live in these and other 
suburbs carry on business in New York. 

Cities and Villages of the Hudson Valley. — 
Adjoining New York, on the east bank of 
the Hudson, is Yonkers. In population this 
city is the sixth in the state. Many of its 
residents work in the metropolis, but it is 
also a manufacturing city. In its factories, 
carpets, rugs, and fur felt hats are made. 
It has great sugar refineries, machine shops, 
elevator works, and factories for rubber 
goods. 

Smaller communities, as we go north on the 
east side of the Hudson, are : Hastings-on- 
Hudson ; Irvington, once the home of Wash- 
ington Irving, the author; and Tarrytown, 
scene of Irving's Legend of Sleepy Hollow, 
where there are several private schools. At 
Ossining is Sing Sing prison, the largest insti- 
tution of the kind in the state. Peekskill 
village is larger than many of our cities, and 
is a center of schools and of manufacturing 
industries. 

On the west side of the river opposite 
Tarrytown is Nyack. A little farther north is 
Haverstraw, near which there are extensive 
beds of clay used in making bricks. Here 
are made many of the bricks used in the 
buildings of Greater New York. 

In the Highlands, at West Point on the 
west side of the gorge of the Hudson, is the 
United States Military Academy. Newburgh, 



GEOCJRAPin' OK NKVV YORK 




The water front cf Albany. Tlie Capitol 



a few miles north of the Highlands, was the 
headquarters of the American army during a 
part of the Rcv-olutionary War. Irs indus- 
tries mckide the making of nun's clorhinfi, 
lawn mowers, and boats. Beacon is a manu- 
factunng city on the east bank of the Hudson. 
Poughkeepsie, farther north, is the seat of 
\ assar College, one of the oldest and largest of 
colleges for women. In Poughkeepsie are fac- 
tories for making horseshoes and dairy, poul- 
try, and apiary supplies. At this point there 
IS a railroad bridge across the Hudson, the 
only bridge crossing the river below Albany. 
Kingston is on the west bank of the Hudson, 
where the Wallkill River joins the larger 
stream. Through the Wallkill Valley, Penn- 




sylvania coal is brought to the cities and 
villages of the Hudson \ alle\'. Kingston is 
a point of departure for Catskill Mountain 
tourists. In the Wallkill Valley is Middle- 
town, with car shops and manufactures of 
leather goods and condensed milk. Walden 
also is in the Wallkill \'alle\'. On the west 



bank of the Hudson are Saugerties and Cats- 
kill. From the latter place a railway enters 
the Catskill Mountain region. 

Hudson, on the east side of the river, is a 
center for knit goods, and at this point a 
branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad 
reaches the Hudson. 

On both banks of rlu- Hudson, a little 
below the mouth of the Mohawk, there is an 
almost continuous settlement for about ten 
miles, made up of four cities with several 
intermediate villages. The cities are Albany 
and Watervliet on the west, Rensselaer and 
Troy on the east. 

In colonial days, Albany was one of the 
most important trading posts in America 
It has been the state capital since 1797. The 
Capitol building, a large and costly structure, 
overlooks the city and the river for many 
miles. The Education Building, recently 
erected, contains the offices of the Education 
Department of the state, the State Geological 
offices and collections, and the historical 
riuiseum and the State Library. Albany is 
the seat of the State College for Teachers, 
and IS the center ol main industries and of a 
large retail and wholesale trade. On the 
opposite side of the river there are factories 
and workshops at Rensselaer. 

Troy is an important industrial center. 
Its manufactures include shirts, collars and 
cuffs, and knit goods. The city also has steel 
works, rolling mills, and foundries, and is 
the seat of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti- 
tute. Watervliet, opposite Troy, is the seat 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




of a United States Arsenal and of lumber and 
woolen industries. From Albany and Troy 
trunk lines of railroad lead to New York, 
Montreal, Boston, and Chicago. 

Mechanicville, on the west bank of the 
Hudson, has ample water power and mills 
for the manufacture of paper and knit goods. 
The principal industry of Hoosick Falls is the 
manufacture of harvesting machmery. 

Saratoga Springs is situated on a plain a few 
miles west of the Hudson River. Here are 
the best-known mineral springs of America. 
In order to protect and preserve these waters, 
the principal springs and surroundmg grounds 
have been acquired by the state, and are 
managed in the public interest by a state 
commission. A few miles above Mechanic- 
ville and not far from Saratoga Springs are 
Bemis Heights, where the battle of Saratoga 
was fought in 1777. 

Hudson Falls is a seat of lumber and paper 
industries and of stone quarrying. Glens 
Falls has collar and cuff factories and lumber 
and paper mills. 

Cities and Villages of the Mohawk Valley. 
— There are many cities and villages on and 
near the banks of the Mohawk River. 

Near its junction with the Hudson, the 
Mohawk falls 70 feet, thus furnishing a splen- 
did water power and making possible the man- 



ufacturing city of Cohoes, the lead- 
ing center for knit goods in the state. 
Schenectady was built on the 
broad flood plains bordering the 
river at the point which was the 
downstream terminus of naviga- 
tion. Its two great industries, the 
making of locomotives and es- 
pecially the manufacture of elec- 
trical machmery and appliances, 
have caused a very rapid growth 
in population. Schenectady is the 
seat of Union College, the oldest 
in the state except Columbia. 

Amsterdam began to develop as 
a place of manufacture by reason of 
its water power, but its industries have become 
so large that the power now used is chiefly de- 
rived from coal. Carpets, knit goods, brooms, 
and linseed oil are the leading manufactures. 
A few miles northwest of Amsterdam, and 
a short distance from the Adirondack border, 
are Gloversville and Johnstown, whose great 
glove industries have already been described. 
Little Falls has large water power, as the river 
descends about 40 feet at this point. Knit 
goods form the leading industry, and the place 
has long been a market for dairy products. 
Between Little Falls and Utica are Herkimer, 
where roll-top desks are made, and Ilion, with 
factories for making typewriters and firearms. 
Utica is the most important railroad center 
in the Mohawk region. Besides the main 
line from east to west, two routes lead into 
the plateau region, and three railway lines 
lead to northern New York, by way of the 
Ontario lake plains and the western Adiron- 
dacks. The city is the center of a rich farm- 
ing region, and has some of the largest cotton 
and woolen mills in the state. The making 
of clothing and knit goods and of foundry 
and machine shop products are also large 
industries. Utica is a leading cheese market. 
Rome, on the old Oneida Carrying Place, 
has manufactures of brass and copper, of 
locomotives, knit goods, and canned goods. 



CKOCRAI'in Ol- NKW ^ORK 



Review. — i. \Vh;it Is the clt-nsiry i>t popiiLiruin 
ill New ^'ork. ? 2. What is thi- ilinsity of pop- 
ulation in your own county : 3. Where are rhe 
densest populations in the state? 4. How ni;in\ 
cities are there in Xew \ ork ? 

5. W'hat are the horoughs of Cireater New ^'ork .' 
6. Ciive iength, width, and altitude of the island 
of Manhattan. 7. What geographic conditions 
have favored the growth of the cit\ of New \'ork ? 
8. In what parr of the city is thi' wholesale track- 
centered ? rhe retail trade ? <>• Name sonu- 
of its public institutions. 10. Name its chief 
methods of transportation. 11. Under wli.it 
waters have subways been bmlt ? 

12. Ciive location and nidusrries of ^Onkers; 
ofNewburgh; of Hudson. 13. What institution 
is at West Point? .'^t Poughkeepsie ? 14. W'hat 
are the two principal buildings ot .-Xlbaiiy r 
15. What are the main industries of iroy ? Of 
Cohoes ? Of Cdens Falls ? 16. What cities are on 
the Mohawk River? 17. What are the mam in- 
dustries of each ? 

Cities and Villages of the Lake Plains. 
On the lowlands near the (ireat Lakes are 
many cities, includinji three which, after New- 
"N'ork, are rhe largest in the state. These 
are Biitt'alo, Rochester, and Syracuse. The 
two chief reasons for their growth are, — 
first, they are on one of the great natural 
transportation routes leading from the sea- 
board to the west, and .second, they are sur- 
rounded h\ wide areas of productive soil. 

Oneida is on the south edge of the plain, 
at the opening of a valley which leads through 
the plateau to Ringhamton. It is a thriving 
city, with several manufacturing industries. 
Near it, on the southeast, is Sherrill, the 
smallest city in the state. 

Syracuse also is on the south edge of the 
plain, and its streets and buildings extend 




up rhe northern slopes ot the plateau. lor- 
merly its main industr\' was the making of 
salt from brines obtained b\- boring. Now its 
growth IS due to other causes. It is on a 
spur of the I?arge Canal, and has railway 
connections in all directions. Among its 
more important manufactures are automo- 
biles, iron and steel products, food stuffs, 
typewriters, and men's clothing. The city 
is the seat of Syracuse University. Near 
Syracuse is the large village of Solvay, where 
great quantities of soda ash, sodium bicar- 
bonate, and other chemical products are 
made. 

Fulton, on the Oswego River, has excellent 
water power and manufactures woolen goods, 
firearms, and paper. Oswego, situated where 
the Oswego River enters Lake Ontario, is on 
the site of what was an important fort in 
colonial days. The leading industries are the 
making of matches, starch, and woolen goods, 
and the manufacture of boilers. It has a 
good harbor, and ships large amounts of coal. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




Making cameras, Rochester 



Auburn, on the outlet of Owasco Lake, is 
one of the older cities of western New York. 
Its manufactures are chiefly agricultural im- 
plements, shoes, cordage, and twine. Seneca 
Falls is a large village on the outlet of Seneca 
Lake; it has manufactures of hydraulic ma- 
chinery. The city of Geneva is at the foot 
of Seneca Lake. It has nurseries and various 
manufactures, and is the seat of Hobart 
College and of the State Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station. Penn Yan is at the foot of 
Keuka Lake, and Canandaigua is at the foot 
')f the lake bearing the same name. Newark 
and Lyons are on the main line of railroad 
between Syracuse and Rochester. 

Rochester lies on both sides of the Genesee 
River a few miles from its mouth, and in- 
cludes the lake port formerh' known as the 
village of Charlotte. Through this port, 
much trade is carried on with Toronto and 
other places in Canada. Rochester is on a 
branch of the Barge Canal and has several 
lines of railway. It is in the midst of a most 
fertile region. Ever since tlie early days, 
when western New York was the wheat cen- 
ter of the United States, there have been large 
rtouring mills at Rochester, where the falls 
of the Genesee River furnish much water 
power. The leading manufactures at the 
present time are men's clothing, shoes, and 
photographic apparatus, in which industry 
Rochester leads the world. There are, how 
ever, many other industries, and the city has 



more than 1200 industrial plants. 
About Rochester are some of the 
largest nursery establishments in the 
United States, for ornamental trees, 
fruit trees, vegetable and flower 
seeds, and bulbs. The city has 
attractive streets and homes and 
is the seat of the Mechanics' Insti- 
tute and the University of Rochester 
Batavia is midway between Roch- 
ester and Buffalo. Its main industry 
is the making of agricultural imple- 
ments. Medina and Albion are large 
villages in Orleans County, in the midst ot 
a rich farming and fruit-raising region. At 
Albion are extensive quarries. Lockport is 
a manufacturing city, whose largest industry 
is flour and grist milling. 

Buffalo, in 1910, ranked tenth in population 
among the cities of the United States, but 
ninth in the value of its manufactured prod- 
ucts. It is very natural that a great city 
should grow up at the foot of Lake Erie 
Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario naviga- 
tion is interrupted by the rapids and falls of 
Niagara. Buffalo is therefore the eastern 
terminus of most of the Great Lakes traffic 
from Chicago, Milwaukee, Duluth, Detroit, 
and many other lake ports. It is the point 
where the products of the west are transferred 
from lake ships to the railways or canal. 
Trunk lines of railways reach out in all direc- 
tions. Buffalo handles immense quantities 
of flour and wheat as well as other grains. 




A lake steamer at Buffalo 



(;K()c;R.\i»in- of nkw ^ork 



Many largf elevators liave 
been Iniilr on the lake front 
to take care of the transfer 
of grain from ship to car or 
barge. liesiik-s grain, there 
IS a vast trartic in won, coal, 
and oil. Coal is reaclil\' ac- 
cessible from PennsN Kama, 
and is brought to Buffalo for 
local use and for shipment up 
the lakes. The city is near extensive oil and Adjoining Buffalo, but under a charter of 

natural gas regions, and has the advantage of its own, is the city of Lackawanna, which 
electrical power transmitted from Niagara has grown up in recent years as a steel 
Falls. This power is used for lighting the making city, using coal from Pennsylvania. 




city, for street railways, and 
for manufacturing purposes. 
Buffalo is an important mar- 
ket for lumlier, live stock, 
and fish. 

Buffalo has more than 
1750 manufacturing estab- 
lishments. The chief indus- 
tries are slaughtering and 
meat packing, foundry and 
machine shop products, and 
rtour and gristmill products. 
Copper smelting and refin- 
ing, and the making of auto- 
mobiles, linseed oil, candles, 
and wax, form other large 
industries. In Buffalo are 




and iron ore from the Lake 
Superior region. Several 
thousand men are employed 
111 this industry. Between 
Buffalo and Niagara Falls 
are the cities of Tonawanda 
and North Tonawanda. The 
latter is an important lum- 
ber market. Niagara Falls 
has become an important 
center, not only because of 
the attraction of the great 
falls and the fact that several 
trunk lines of railway cross 
the river at this point, but 
because of the electrical 
power developed here. It 



the University of Buffalo, a state normal has become a great center for the manufac- 
school, and other educational institutions, ture of chemicals, prepared foods, wood pulp, 

paper, and abrasive materials. Near Niagara 
Falls is Niagara University. F,ast of Buffalo 
are the villages of Depew and Lancaster, with 
shops and factories. 

On the narrow lake plain southwest ot 
Buffalo, in Chautauqua County, are Fredonia 
and Dunkirk. In the former is one of the 
state normal schools and in the latter there 
are railroad shops and locomotive works. 

Cities and Villages of the Plateau. — In 
the western part of the plateau is Jamestown, 
a citv on the outlet of Chautauqua Fake. It 
has manufactures of worsteds and of wooden 




GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




and metal furniture. On the shores of the 
lake are the Chautauqua Assembly grounds, 
the headquarters of a widely known move- 
ment for popular education. Salamanca is a 
railroad center, with car shops and manufac- 
tures of lumber. Olean is in the oil region, 
and its leading industry is the refining of 
petroleum. Perry has manufactures of knit 
goods, and Wellsville is the principal village 
of Allegany County. Homell has large car 
shops, and Coming has railroad shops and 
glass factories. 

Elmira is a large city and important railway 
center on the Chemung River. Am.ong its 
leading industries are the making of fire 
engines and of automobile parts. This city 
is the seat of Elmira College and 
also the State Reformatory. East 
of Elmira are Waverly and Owego, 
with shops and factories. 

The largest city in the plateau 
is Binghamton, situated at the 
junction of the Susquehanna and 
Chenango rivers. It has ample 
railroad facilities, and a large retail 
and wholesale trade. Binghamton 
has large manufactures of tobacco. 
Near the city, on the Susquehanna 
River, are Johnson City and Endi- 
cott. At both these places are 
large shoe factories. 



Ithaca is magnificently situated 
at the head of Cayuga Lake, and 
is the seat of Cornell University 
Cortland has manufactures of iron 
and steel, including wire and rolling 
mill products, and is the seat of a 
state normal school. Norwich is a 
trading center for a large dairying 
region between Utica and Bing- 
hamton. Oneonta has large rail- 
road shops and is the seat of a 
state normal school. Port Jervis 
on the Delaware River, is in the 
Appalachian valley southeast of 
the plateau. It has several kinds 
of manufactures. 

Cities and Villages of Northern New York. — 
Watertown is the largest city in the northern 
part of the state. Important water power is 
here supplied by the Black River, and foundry 
and machine shop work and pulp and paper 
making are the leading industries. 

Ogdensburg, in St. Lawrence County, is 
next to Watertown in population. Its chiel 
interests are in grain, lumber, and manufac- 
tures of lumber. Gouverneur, Potsdam, and 
Massena are important villages in St. 
Lawrence County. Potsdam is the seat of 
a state normal school. Massena has water 
power, and here are located the largest alu- 
minum works in the LInited States. 



H^ 




n 


'^f^^ 
\:^\ 




^ 

1 


Rolling cigars, Binghamton 



(;E0GRAP1I^■ OF NEW YORK 



Lowville is rhc county seat and 
leaclinj; \ illage of Lewis County, and 
Malone is the county seat and chief 
center of business in Franklin County. 
Plattsburg is on Lake Cliainphiin. It 
is the seat of a state normal school, 
and has lumber interests. A little 
south of this cit}' is the meeting place 
of the Catholic Summer School of 
.America. Whitehall is at the head of 
Lake Champlain, and is the northern 
terminus of the Champlain branch of 
the Barge Canal. The largest village 
m the midst of the Adirondacks is 
Saranac Lake, a health resort. 

Review. — I. What advantage of location ha.s 




iyracuse 



What are the leachns; industrit-.s 



of Syracuse .'' 3. What three 
cities are each on or near 
the foot of one of the 
Finger Lakes ? 4. What 
transportation facilities has 
Oswego ? 5. Where is the- 
State Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station .? 6. What 
are the chief industries of 
Rochester .'' 7. What cities 
are in Niagara County ? 

8. What rank among 
.American cities has Buffalo 
in population ? In manu- 
factures ? 9. What condi- 
tions promote the commerce 
of Buffalo .' ID. What are 
the leading interests of 
Niagara Falls ? Of North 
Tonavvanda ? Of Lockport .' 

II. What are the industries of Jamestown .^ Of 
Olean .'' Of Corning.'' 12. State the location of 
Elmira ; of Binghamton. 13. What university is 
at Ithaca? 14. Locate Cortland; Norwich; 
Oneonta. 15. What are the leading industries 
of Watertown ? Of Ogdensburg ? 

Government. — The chief executive of the 




consists of two houses,- the Senate, with 51 
members elected for two years, and the As- 
sembly, with 1 50 members elected for one 
year. There are depart- 
ments of Public Works. 
Hanking, Insurance, Fac- 
tory Inspection, and E.x- 
cisc. Iwo Public Service 
Commissions, one for 
Cireater New York, the 
other for the rest of the 
state, have supervision of 
railways and of such utili- 
ties as the telegraph and 
telephone service. Vari- 
ous commissions care foi 
public reservations in the 
Adirondacks, at Saratoga 
Springs, Niagara Falls, 
and elsewhere. 
The Court of Appeals is the highest state 
court. Below it are man}- divisions and parts 
of the Supreme Court, with more than lOC 
judges. Lower courts are provided for coun- 
ties, cities, and towns. 

The state is divided into 62 counties. 
Each countv, except those in Greater New 



state is the Governor, who holds office for York, is divided into towns, or townships, 

two years. Other state officers are: the Many of the cities, however, do not form 

Lieutenant Governor, the Secretary of State, part of any town. Each county, town, city, 

the Attorney-General, and the State Engi- and village has a government of its own, 

neer. The legislature, or lawmaking body, with powers fixed by the state government. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK 




The chief officers of the county are the 
)udge, the district attorney, the county clerk, 
the sheriflF, and the coroners. Each county 
has a capital called the county seat. Here 
are the county court, the sheriff's office, and 
the jail, and the office of the county clerk. 
The chief officer of each town is a supervisor ; 
and the town supervisors, with others chosen 
by cities, make up the Board of Supervisors 
which is the legislative body of the county. 
The chief officers of a city are the mayor and 
the council or board of aldermen. 

Each voter must have been a citizen of the 
United States for ninety days, and must 
have resided one year in the state, four 
months in the county, and 30 days in the 
election district. 

Charities and Penal Institutions. — Twelve 
commissioners constitute the State Board of 
Charities. They are appointed by the Gover- 
nor, with the confirmation of the Senate, and 
hold office for eight years. A large number 
of charitable and reformatory institutions are 
supported partly or wholly by the state and 
its various subdivisions. The Board of Chari- 
ties has oversight of these institutions and 
carries on regular visitations. Among the 
kinds of people thus cared for are juvenile 
delinquents, the feeble-minded, orphans, the 
blind, the deaf and dumb, crippled and de- 
formed children, and the aged. Among the 



institutions under the care of this 
board are industrial schools, 
soldiers' and sailors' homes, county 
almshouses, and hospitals for tu- 
berculosis patients. 

Several state prisons and re- 
formatories receive convicts whose 
sentence is for a period of more 
than one year. Various peniten- 
tiaries in the state receive those 
convicted of minor offenses and 
sentenced for short periods. Hos- 
pitals for the insane are in the care 
of the Board of Lunacy. 

Education. — The educational 
work of the state is in the charge of the 
University of the State of New York. 
This is not a university in the sense of 
being a localized school. Its powers are 
committed to twelve persons called Regents 
who meet in Albany. They are elected by 
the legislature. Their presiding officer is 
styled the Chancellor of the University, and 
they appoint the Commissioner of Educa- 
tion, who has under his special charge the 
rural schools, the elementary and high 
schools of the villages and cities, and the 
state normal schools. 

The state is divided into a large number of 
districts, in each of which an officer called the 
district superintendent is responsible for the 
rural schools. In the larger villages and cities, 
a superintendent of schools is the chief execu- 
tive officer. Education is compulsory for all 
children between the ages of eight and sixteen 
The State College for Teachers is at Albany, 
and there are also state normal schools located 
at Brockport, Buffalo, Cortland, Fredonia. 
Geneseo, New Paltz, Oneonta, Oswego, 
Plattsburg, and Potsdam. Some of the large 
cities maintain similar institutions; thus in 
Greater New York are Hunter College, and 
the New York, Brooklyn, and Jamaica Train- 
ing Schools for Teachers. 

The higher schools are the universities, 
colleges, and technical schools. Many of 



GE(X^RAPII^' Ol \K\V >()RK 




J] 



> Uiiii 



^iiv 



« College 

* Technical schoo 

• NoriiMl scliool 



The higher educational institutions of New York 



these have grown up under the patronage ot 
rehgious denominations, but are now classed 
as non-sectarian because no rehgious con- 
ditions are enforced and faculty and students 
are representative of many chuichcs. ( )n rhi 
other hand, there are many 
institutions under Cathohc 
control, including Fordham 
University in the city of 
New York, Niagara Univer- 
sity near Niagara Falls, and 
colleges at New Rochelle, 
in New York (Mt. St. Vin- 
cent, Manhattan, Brooklyn, 
St. Francis, and St. John's), 
in Buffalo (Canisius and 
D'Youville), and at Allegany 
in Cattaraugus County (St. 
Bonaventure's). 

The oldest of the higher 
educational institutions of 
the state is Columbia Uni- 
versity, in the city of New 
York, founded in 1754. It has the largest 
enrollment of all American universities. Af- 
filiated with Columbia are Barnard College 
for women, and Teachers College. 

Other large universities, each with thousands 
of students, are New York University in the 
city of New York ; Cornell University at 
Ithaca, on a splendid site overlooking Cayuga 




Lake; ami Svracuse I nixersiry 111 S\racuse. 
Smaller universities are those of Buffalo, of 
Rochester, of .'\lfred in Allegany Countv, 
Colgate Unisersity at Hamilton in Madison 
County, St. Lawrence University- at Canton 
in St. Lawrence County, and I nion Univer- 
sity, including I nion College at Schenectady, 
and professional colleges at Albany. 

The New York State College of Agriculture 
is at Cornell University, and the State College 
of Forestry is at Syracuse University. Besides 
the many other schools and colleges which 
belong to the universities, there are some in- 
dependent colleges, as Adelphi in Brooklyn, 
Hamilton at Clinton in Oneida County, and 
Hobart at Geneva ; and some independent 
technical schools, as Pratt Institute and the 
Polytechnic Institute in Brooklyn, the Mili- 
tary Academy at West Point, the Rensselaer 
Polytechnic Institute at Iroy, the Clark- 
son Memorial School of Tech- 
nology at Potsdam, and the 
Mechanics' Institute at Roch- 
ester. The College of the 
City of New York, in Man- 
hattan borough, is a large 
college supported by the city. 
Colleges for women include 
Klmira College at Elmira, 
Wells College at Aurora on 
Cayuga Lake, and Vassar 
College — one of the oldest 
and most widely known in 
the country — at Pough- 
keepsie. 

Review. — I. What are tht 
priiuipal state officers ? 2. What 
is the duty of the Public Service 
Commissions? 3. How many counties in New 
York ? 4. What institutions are found in each 
county seat ? 5. What are the conditions which 
qualify voters in this state.'' 6. What are the 
(luries of the State Board of Charities ? 

7. What is the University of the State of New 
'V'ork ? S. What normal school is nearest your 
home.'' 9. Locate four colleges for women; two 
large universities; two technical schools. 



COUNTIES OF NEW YORK — AREA AND POPULATION, 1920 



Sq. 
Albany . . . 
Allegany. - 
Bronx .... 
Broome. . . 
Cattaraugus 
Cayuga. . . 
Chautauqua 
Chemung . 
Chenango. 
Clinton. . . 
Columbia . 
Cortland. . 
Delaware . 
Dutchess. . 

Erie 

Essex 



Miles 
527 

1,047 
42 
705 

1.343 
703 

1,069 
407 
894 

1,049 
644 
503 

1,449 
806 

1,034 

1,836 



POPULMION- 

186,106 

36,842 

732,016 

113,610 

71.323 

65,221 

115,348 

65,872 

34,969 

43,898 

38,930 

29,625 

42,774 

91.747 

634,588 

31,871 



Sq. Miles 

Franklin.. 1,678 

Fulton. . . . 516 

Genesee . . 496 

Greene . . . 643 

Hamilton . 1,700 

Herkimer . 1,459 

Jefterson. . 1,274 

Kings .... 70 

Lewis .... 1,270 

Livingston 631 

Madison. . 650 

Monroe. . . 663 
Montgomery 398 

Nassau . . . 274 

New York 21 

Niagara . . 522 



43.541 
44.927 
37.976 
25.796 
3.970 
64,962 
82,250 
2,022,262 
23,704 
36,830 
39,535 

352,034 
57.928 

125.727 
2,284,103 

118,705 



Oneida 
Onondaga 
Ontario. 
Orange 

Orleans. 
Oswego , 
Otsego . 
Putnam 
Queens 
Rensselaer 
Richmond 
Rockland . 183 
St. Lawrence 2,701 
Saratoga. . 823 
Schenectady 206 
Schoharie 642 



Sq. Miles Population I 
1,250 



649 

834 
396 
966 
1,009 
233 
105 
663 



182,485 
241.465 
52,652 
119,844 
28,619 
71.045 
46,200 
10,802 
466,811 
113,129 
115.959 
45.548 
88,121 
60,029 
109,363 
21,303 



Schuyler . 
Seneca. . . . 
Steuben. . . 
Suffolk... 
Sullivan . . 
Tioga... . . 
Tompkins. 
Ulster. . . . 
Warren, . . 
Washington 
Wayne . . . 
Westchester 
Wyoming 
Yates 



336 
336 

1,401 
924 

1,002 
520 
476 

1,140 
879 
837 
599 
44S 
601 
343 



Population 
13,098 
24.735 
80,627 

110,241 
33.163 
24,212 
35.285 
74.979 
31.673 
44,888 
48,827 

344,086 
30,077 
16,641 



Total... 47,654 10,384,829 



CITIES OF NEW YORK— POPULATION, 1920 



.Mbany 

.Amsterdam . . 

.'\uburn 

Batavia 

Beacon 

Binghamton 
Buffalo. .. . . 
Canandaigua. 

Cohoes 

Corning 

Cortland 

Dunkirk. . 
Elmira. . , . . 

Fulton 

Geneva 



113.344 
33.524 
36,192 

13.541 
10,996 
66,Soo 
506,775 
7.356 
22,987 
15,820 
13.294 
19,336 
45.393 
13.043 
14.648 



Glen Cove 

Glens Falls 

Ghtversville. . . , 

Hornell 

Hudson 

Ithaca 

Jamestown. . . . 

Johnstown 

Kingston 

Lackawanna. . . 

Little Falls 

Lockport 

Mechanicville. . 
Middletown . . . 
Mount Vernon. 



8,664 
16,638 
22,075 
15.025 
11.745 
17.004 
38,917 
10,908 
26,688 
17.918 
13,029 
21,308 

8,i66 
18,420 
42.726 



Newburgh .... 
New Rochelle. 

New York 5 

Niagara Falls. . . . 
North Tonawanda 

Norwich 

Ogdensburg 

Olean 

Oneida 

Oneonta 

Oswego 

Plattsburg 

Port Jervis 

Poughkeepsie. . . . 
Rensselaer 



30,366 
36,213 
,620,048 
50,760 
15,482 
8,268 
14,609 
20,506 
10,541 
11,582 
23,626 
10,909 
10,171 
35,000 
10,82? 



Rochester 

Rome 

Saratoga Springs 

Salamanca 

Schenectady. . . . 

Sherrill 

Syracuse 

Tonawanda 

Troy 

Utica 

Watertown 

Watervliet 

White Plains... 
Yonkers 



295.750 
26,341 
13.181 
9,276 
88,723 
1,761 

171,717 
10,068 
72,013 
94,156 
31.285 
16,073 
21,031 

100,176 



VILLAGES OF 2500 OR MORE — POPULATION, 1920 



Village 

Albion 

Amityville .... 

Avon 

Babylon 

Baldwinsville . 
Ballston Spa. . . 

Bath 

Brockport 

Bronxville . . . 

Canastota 

Canton 

Carthage 

Catskill 

Cedarhurst . . . . 

Clyde 

Cooperstown , . . 

Chatham 

Corinth 

Dansville 

Depew 

Dobbs Ferry. . . 

Dolgeville 

East .'\urora. . . 

East Rochester. 

East Syracuse . 

EUenville 

Elmira Heights 

Endicott 

Fairport 

Falconer 

Fort Edward . . 

Fort Plain 

Frankfort 

Fredonia 

Freeport 

Goshen 

Gouverneur. . . . 



County 
Orleans 
Suffolk 
Livingston 
Suffolk 
Onondaga 
Saratoga 
Steuben 
Monroe 
Westchester 
Madison 
St. Lawrence 
Jefferson 
Greene 
Nassau 
Wayne 
Otsego 
Columbia 
Saratoga 
Livingston 
Erie 
Westchester 



Population 
4,683 
3,265 
2,585 
2,523 
3,685 
4,103 

4.795 
2,930 

3.055 
3.995 
2,631 
4.320 
4.728 
2,838 
2,528 
2,725 
2,710 
2,576 
4,681 
5,850 
4,401 



Fulton & Herk. 3,448 



Erie 

Monroe 

Onondaga 

Ulster 

Chemung 

Broome 

Monroe 

Chautauqua 

Washington 

Montgomery 

Herkimer 

Chautauqua 

Nassau 

Orange 

St. Lawrence 



3.703 
3,901 
4,106 
3.116 
4,188 
9,500 
4,626 
2,742 
3.871 
2,747 
4,198 
6,051 
8,599 
2,843 
4.143 



Gowanda 

Granville 

Green Island. . . 

Greenport 

Hamburg 

Hastings-on- 

Hudson 

Haverstraw. . . . 
Hempstead ... 

Herkimer 

Highland Falls. 
Hoosick Falls. . 
Hudson Falls. . 

Ilion 

Irvington 

Johnson City. . 

Kenmore 

Lancaster 

La Salle 

Lawrence 

LeRoy 

Lowville 

Lynbrook 

Lyons 

Malone 

Mamaroneck . . 

Massena 

Medina 

Mineola 

Mohawk 

Mt. Kisco 

Mt. Morris. . . . 

Newark 

North Tarrytown 

Nyack 

Ossining 

Owego 



County 
Cat. & Erie 
Washington 
Albany 
Suffolk 
Erie 



Population 
2,673 
3.024 
4.411 
3,122 
3.185 



W^estchester 

Rockland 

Nassau 

Herkimer 

Orange 

Rensselaer 

Washington 

Herkimer 

Westchester 

Broome 

Erie 

Erie 

Niagara 

Nassau 

Genesee 

Lewis 

Nassau 

Wayne 

Franklin 

Westchester 

St. Lawrence 

Orleans 

Nassau 

Herkimer 

Westchester 

Livingston 

Wayne 

Westchester 

Rockland 

Westchester 

Tioga 



5.526 
5.226 
6,382 

io,4S3 
2,588 
4,896 
5.761 

10,169 
2,701 
8,587 
3,160 
6,059 

3,813 
2,861 
4,203 
3,127 
4.367 
4.253 
7.556 
6,276 

5,993 
6,011 
3,016 
2,919 
3,901 
3.312 
6,964 
5.927 
4.444 
10,739 
4.147 



Village 

Patchogue 

Peekskill 

Penn Yan 

Perry 

Pleasantville . 
Port Chester 

Potsdam 

Rockville Center 

Rye 

Sag Harbor. 
Saranac Lake. 

Saugerties 

Scarsdale 

Scotia 

Seneca Falls . . . 

Sidney 

Silver Creek. . . 

Solvay 

Southampton . . 
Spring Valley. . 

Suffern 

Tarrytown .... 

Tuckahoe 

Tupper Lake . . 

Union 

Walden 

Walton 

Wappingers Falls 

Warsaw 

Waterford 

Waterloo 

Watkins 

Waverly 

Wellsville 

Westfield 

Whitehall 

Whitesboro. . . 



County Population 

Suffolk 4,031 

Westchester 15,868 

Yates 5,215 

Wyoming 4,717 

Westchester 3,590 

Westchester 16,573 

St. Lawrence 4,039 

Nassau 6,262 

Westchester 5,308 

Suffolk 2,993 
Essex & Frank. 5,174 

Ulster 4.013 

Westchester 3,506 

Schenectady 4,358 

Seneca 6,389 

Delaware 2,670 

Chautauqua 3,260 

Onondaga 7.352 

Suffolk 2,635 

Rockland 4,428 

Rockland 3,154 

Westchester 5,807 

Westchester 3,509 

Franklin 2,508 

Broome 3,303 

Orange 5,493 

Delaware 3,598 

Dutchess 3,235 

Wyoming 3,622 

Saratoga 2,637 

Seneca 3,8o9' 

Schuyler 2,785 

Tioga 5.270 

Allegany 5,046 

Chautauqua 3,413 

Washington 5,258 

Oneida 3,038 



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